Asian Music History - Ethnomusicology
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Contact With Assimilated Cultures
- early centuries of Islam - growth of Cosmopolitan cultural confess in Syria under the Umayyads (661-750) and in Iraq under the Abbasids (750-909)
- Ethnic blending= Arabian Music + Syria, Mesopotamia, Byzantium, and Persia music= New Arab Music
- old elements that remained - singing of poetical lyric in Arabic
-new elements - performance techniques, new aspects of information and new musical instruments
Quynat - female slave singers prevalent during early decades
2nd Process- Introduction of scholar of the Islamic world to ancient greek treaties - 9th century
- provided musical nomenclature, most of which was indicated by the names of the singers and the employed when playing the 'ud.
-Abu Nasr Al-Farabi- wrote the the grand treatise on music which discusses sciences of sound, tetrachord, octave species, musical instruments, composition
3rd process Contact with the Medieval West
- Affecting Arab Music- contact between the Islamic Near East and Europe at a time of the Crusades in the 11th, 12th and 13th Centuries and during the Islamic occupation of Spain
Influence in Instruments:
- rebec
- anafil - natural trumpet
-Great influence on Arab Music from Moorish Spain
- development of literary musical form that utilized romantic subject matter and featured strophic texts with refrains
Contrast to qasida-classical arab which followed a continous flow of lines as c
couplet
4th major process
- hegemony of the ottomon turks over syria,palenstine,iraq,the coasts of arabia and much of north africa
-gradual assimilation and exchange
-arab music and turkish music
-Alatiyyan - male instrumentalists entertained male audiences
Awalim - "learned females" entertained female audiences
-instruments - 'ud
nay - flute
Instruments introduced into the Arab World
-Sama'i
- Bashraq
5th Process Contact with the Modern West
- fifth process and most recent - contact between Arab music and the Modern West following the Napoleonic conquest of Egypt (1798-1801) and the subsequent cultural and political interaction among the 19th centuries
- importation of military concepts into Egypt and military school (in which Western instruments and musical notation were employed) from influences of the West.
-Cairo Opera House built - symbol of Westernization in the Muslim World - built by Khedine Isma'il
- European protestant missionaries
- piano, accordion, and mouth organ were becoming common household instruments in Egypt
- continuation and growth of musical theaters
Unifying Traits of Arab Music
- traits contributing to unity in Arab music are numerous
- intimate connection between the music and the Arabic language
Arab Melody
-series of individual pitches are occurring after another in order that the compostire order of pitches constitutes a recognizable entity. It contains unique intervals which give it a distinct quality derived from the maqam.
-absence of complex polyphony - phenomenon that distinguishes music of this part of the world.
Arab Music
-exhibits complexity in melody which is connected with modality known under maqam
- Maqam- based on a theoretical scale, specific notes of emphasize, and typical pattern of melodic movement (plural - maqamat)
-Iqa - Arab rhythm - modal conception and organization of melody.
-Plural Iqa'at - modes employed in various metric composition
- These modes are rendered on percussion instruments within the ensemble including the:
-tablah - vase shaped hand drum
- riqq- small tambourine
- influencing the nature of phrasing and patterns of accentuations
- Iqa consists primarily of rests and beats distinguished by timbre
Egyptian Tradition
- Dumm- deep sound produced by hitting closer to the central position of the drum
- Takk- high pitched clasp sound produced by beating or tapping near the rim of the instrument
- Mutub- main male vocalist
- Within a compound form, which predominate in Arab music, individual pieces may vary in style, improvised as precomposed, featuring a solo singer or chorus, metric
Musical Unity Of Instruments of Contemporary Arabs
- gamen, 'ud, nay, and Western violin are found in most Arab orchestras
- bowed instruments often accompany the solo voice
- social and religious life and music
- Quranic chanting - religious expression in Islam is the prevalent religion of the Arab world. It is non-metric solo performed and based on the Islamic princples of recitation.
-It is half spoken, half sung - declamatory
- Adhan - Islamic call to prayer heard from the minaret
-Muezin - person who calls people to prayer
through composed- each line or stanza is improvised
Modern Electronic Media
- rise of wide scale commercial recording around 1904.
- appearance of musical film in Egypt in 1932
-public radio stations come years later
-Ughniyyah - prevalent song category featuring a solo singer and an elaborate orchestra equipped with both Western and traditional Arab instruments
Musical Instruments of the Arab World
- reflects the unity and the diversity within the music itself
- before World War I, it gradually expanded into an orchestra that contained these Arab instruments and others borrowed from the West:
'Ud- (chordophone)- typical of Egypt. Pear shaped, short-necked, fretless
instrument. It has 5 double course strings made of nylon. It is derived from the
Arabic word meaning "wood". Ziryab added the fifth pair of strings to the 'ud.
- Plucked with an eagle's feather or a piece of plastic
- tuned to G' A' D G C
- suitable for both solo players and ensembles
- known as the the "prince of enchantment" (amir altarab) because of its warm
timbre and microtonal flexibility
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Check us out or refer us to someone you may know that may need our services.
nationalpremiercleaning.com
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com
Is your home starting to look a bit messy and dirty?
Have it professionally cleaned by my company!
Check us out or refer us to someone you may know that may need our services.
nationalpremiercleaning.com
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com
Contact With Assimilated Cultures
- early centuries of Islam - growth of Cosmopolitan cultural confess in Syria under the Umayyads (661-750) and in Iraq under the Abbasids (750-909)
- Ethnic blending= Arabian Music + Syria, Mesopotamia, Byzantium, and Persia music= New Arab Music
- old elements that remained - singing of poetical lyric in Arabic
-new elements - performance techniques, new aspects of information and new musical instruments
Quynat - female slave singers prevalent during early decades
2nd Process- Introduction of scholar of the Islamic world to ancient greek treaties - 9th century
- provided musical nomenclature, most of which was indicated by the names of the singers and the employed when playing the 'ud.
-Abu Nasr Al-Farabi- wrote the the grand treatise on music which discusses sciences of sound, tetrachord, octave species, musical instruments, composition
3rd process Contact with the Medieval West
- Affecting Arab Music- contact between the Islamic Near East and Europe at a time of the Crusades in the 11th, 12th and 13th Centuries and during the Islamic occupation of Spain
Influence in Instruments:
- rebec
- anafil - natural trumpet
-Great influence on Arab Music from Moorish Spain
- development of literary musical form that utilized romantic subject matter and featured strophic texts with refrains
Contrast to qasida-classical arab which followed a continous flow of lines as c
couplet
4th major process
- hegemony of the ottomon turks over syria,palenstine,iraq,the coasts of arabia and much of north africa
-gradual assimilation and exchange
-arab music and turkish music
-Alatiyyan - male instrumentalists entertained male audiences
Awalim - "learned females" entertained female audiences
-instruments - 'ud
nay - flute
Instruments introduced into the Arab World
-Sama'i
- Bashraq
5th Process Contact with the Modern West
- fifth process and most recent - contact between Arab music and the Modern West following the Napoleonic conquest of Egypt (1798-1801) and the subsequent cultural and political interaction among the 19th centuries
- importation of military concepts into Egypt and military school (in which Western instruments and musical notation were employed) from influences of the West.
-Cairo Opera House built - symbol of Westernization in the Muslim World - built by Khedine Isma'il
- European protestant missionaries
- piano, accordion, and mouth organ were becoming common household instruments in Egypt
- continuation and growth of musical theaters
Unifying Traits of Arab Music
- traits contributing to unity in Arab music are numerous
- intimate connection between the music and the Arabic language
Arab Melody
-series of individual pitches are occurring after another in order that the compostire order of pitches constitutes a recognizable entity. It contains unique intervals which give it a distinct quality derived from the maqam.
-absence of complex polyphony - phenomenon that distinguishes music of this part of the world.
Arab Music
-exhibits complexity in melody which is connected with modality known under maqam
- Maqam- based on a theoretical scale, specific notes of emphasize, and typical pattern of melodic movement (plural - maqamat)
-Iqa - Arab rhythm - modal conception and organization of melody.
-Plural Iqa'at - modes employed in various metric composition
- These modes are rendered on percussion instruments within the ensemble including the:
-tablah - vase shaped hand drum
- riqq- small tambourine
- influencing the nature of phrasing and patterns of accentuations
- Iqa consists primarily of rests and beats distinguished by timbre
Egyptian Tradition
- Dumm- deep sound produced by hitting closer to the central position of the drum
- Takk- high pitched clasp sound produced by beating or tapping near the rim of the instrument
- Mutub- main male vocalist
- Within a compound form, which predominate in Arab music, individual pieces may vary in style, improvised as precomposed, featuring a solo singer or chorus, metric
Musical Unity Of Instruments of Contemporary Arabs
- gamen, 'ud, nay, and Western violin are found in most Arab orchestras
- bowed instruments often accompany the solo voice
- social and religious life and music
- Quranic chanting - religious expression in Islam is the prevalent religion of the Arab world. It is non-metric solo performed and based on the Islamic princples of recitation.
-It is half spoken, half sung - declamatory
- Adhan - Islamic call to prayer heard from the minaret
-Muezin - person who calls people to prayer
through composed- each line or stanza is improvised
Modern Electronic Media
- rise of wide scale commercial recording around 1904.
- appearance of musical film in Egypt in 1932
-public radio stations come years later
-Ughniyyah - prevalent song category featuring a solo singer and an elaborate orchestra equipped with both Western and traditional Arab instruments
Musical Instruments of the Arab World
- reflects the unity and the diversity within the music itself
- before World War I, it gradually expanded into an orchestra that contained these Arab instruments and others borrowed from the West:
'Ud- (chordophone)- typical of Egypt. Pear shaped, short-necked, fretless
instrument. It has 5 double course strings made of nylon. It is derived from the
Arabic word meaning "wood". Ziryab added the fifth pair of strings to the 'ud.
- Plucked with an eagle's feather or a piece of plastic
- tuned to G' A' D G C
- suitable for both solo players and ensembles
- known as the the "prince of enchantment" (amir altarab) because of its warm
timbre and microtonal flexibility
Do you live in NYC?
Is your home starting to look a bit messy and dirty?
Have it professionally cleaned by my company!
Check us out or refer us to someone you may know that may need our services.
nationalpremiercleaning.com
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com