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Prehistory- the period of time before written records
Lateen sail- The sails equipped on caravels which
provided great maneuverability and allowed to sail deeply into the wind
Neolithic Revolution- The first agricultural revolution; the
transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement.
Artisan- a worker in a skilled trade; craftsman
Patrician- an aristocrat or noblemen
Nirvana- (Buddhism) literally means “snuffing out
the flame” The release from the cycle of reincarnations and achievement of a
state of perpetual tranquility.
Cuneiform- a system of writing in which
wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in
Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian.
Citizen- a legally recognized subject or national
of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalize
Hajj- The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
Feudalism- The dominant social system in medieval
Europe, that consisted of the Crown, land-holding nobles, vassals, and peasants
or serfs.
Crusades- (1096-1291) Armed pilgrimages by
Christians to the Holy Land determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim
control.
Daimyo- literally means “great name” Japanese
warlords and great landowners.
Mercantilism- European government policies of the 16th,
17th, and 18th centuries designed to promote overseas
trade between a country and its colonies, to benefit the motherland country.
Divine Right- the
doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not
accountable to their subjects
Indulgence- The forgiveness of the
punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a
reward for a pious act.
Absolutism- a form of
government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a
constitution or laws or opposition)
Estate- an area or amount of land
or property
Armistice- an agreement made by
opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time
Neo-Confucianism-
Term used
to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became
the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the 20th
century
Imperialism- the creation and
maintenance of an economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually
between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.
Communism- Communism
is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless society structured upon
communal ownership of the means of production and the end of wage labor and
private property.
Laissez-faire – the idea that the
government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs
Ideology- a system of ideas and
ideals that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy
Pax Romana- literally “Roman peace” The stability
and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the
first two centuries.
Satellite- an orbiting body around the earth first
used by the Soviet Union in October 1957 (Sputnik)
Appeasement- a diplomatic
policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to another power
Fascism- an authoritarian and nationalistic
right-wing system of government and social organization; it emphasized
aggressive nationalism.
Propaganda- form of public advertisement used to
promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view
Bourgeoisie- the urban middle class
Division of
Labor- a manufacturing
technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that
can be performed by unskilled workers.
Covenant- a contract drawn up by deed
Containment- Containment
was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies
to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence
abroad, and prevent a "domino effect"
1.
B.C.E
means Before the Common Era. C. E means Common Era.
2.
B.C.
is Before Christ. A.D is Anno Domini which indicates the number of years after
the accepted date of Christ’s birth.
3.
Primary sources are often called original sources or data
pertaining to an event or subject of inquiry. They often provide a firsthand or
eyewitness account. A journal or diary is a primary source.
4.
Secondary sources are materials created through the assimilation
and synthesis of various primary and other secondary materials. Reference books
and periodicals are secondary sources
5.
The
first pre-human hominids probably lived in Africa.
6.
Modern
man is referred to as Homo sapiens.
7.
The
“fertile crescent” is Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. The region was named the “fertile crescent” because of its
rich soil and crescent shape.
8.
The
development of agriculture allowed for an increase in population because more
food was available. This led to a higher population density.
9.
Mesopotamia
means “the land between the rivers”
10. Narmer is responsible for uniting Upper
and Lower Egypt.
11. The pyramids were built during the Giza
kingdom in the years 2550 to 2490 BC.
12. Characteristics of an early civilization
were agriculture/farming, and the taming or domestication of animals and plant
species.
13. Ahmenotep broke with the Egyptian
religious tradition by advocating Atheism.
14. Hyksos are a people of mixed Semitic and
Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta. They formed the
15th and 16th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part
of the country.
15. The third pharaoh of the 19th
dynasty, he built vast monuments and statues, including the rock temples.
16. According to the Bible, Moses led the
Israelites out of Egypt.
17. The most essential characteristic is the
belief in one God who created the universe and continues to rule it. The God
who created the world revealed himself to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. The
content of that revelation makes up the Torah, God's will for humankind stated in his
commandments. A second major concept in Judaism is that of the covenant, or
agreement, between God and the Jewish people. The Jews would acknowledge God,
agreeing to obey his laws. God, in turn, would acknowledge Israel as his chosen
people.
18. King Saul was the first king of the united
kingdom of Israel, and was anointed by the prophet Samuel.
19. King David led Israel after King Saul
died in battle. He strengthened the nation/land by making Jerusalem the capital,
which was the capital both politically and religiously.
20. King Solomon’s temple was significant
because it showed and symbolized a link between secular power and the religious
divine.
21. Zoroastrianism is a religion originating
in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent
deity who engaged in a twelve thousand year struggle with demonic forces before
prevailing a restoring a pristine world.
22. Hittites are people from central Anatolia
who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the late Bronze Age.
Assyrians were people of a kingdom that ruled in northern Mesopotamia.
23. The Old Babylonians were people of
Mesopotamia that were ruled by Hammurabi. The New Babylonians was an empire
that ruled in Mesopotamia from 626BC to 529BC.
24. The foundation of a civilization’s
economy was agriculture.
25. Historians regard the strict Code of
Hammurabi as Hammurabi’s greatest accomplishment.
26. The Phoenicians were Semitic-speaking
Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first
millennium BCE.
27. The city of Carthage was founded by Phoenicians.
28. The fact that Greece had vast mountains
and a wide landscape, caused the separation of Ancient Greeks from one another.
29. Athens is a significant city-state of
Greece because it had an exemplary democratic government. It also had developed
arts and academies.
30. Sparta is another significant city-state
of Greece that was well-known for its military strength and might. It was an
aggressive state, that conquered other nearby lands.
31. The Peloponnesian War was a costly and
protracted conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance system that
convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of
Athenian imperialism. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors
and Persian financial support.
32. The only polis citizens with political
rights were free adult males.
33. The Persians were people from Iran who
created an empire. The empire was notably larger than the previous one – the
Assyrian Empire. Because of its large stretch, a system of governors,
provinces, and officials was developed through “royal roads”
34. Philip II of Macedonia was the King of
Macedonia and the father of Alexander the Great. He was involved in the Third
Sacred War. He had the designated objective of making Macedonia the greatest
and strongest of the Greek states, but before all could be done, he was
assassinated in 336 BC.
35. Alexander the Great (356 -323 BCE) was
the King of Macedonia in Northern Greece. He conquered the Persian Empire,
reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture
across the Middle East.
36. Hellenism is the national character and
culture of ancient Greece. All the lands that Alexander the Great conquered
were said to have undergone Hellenism.
37. Emperor Qin and the Qin dynasty were
significant because they constructed the Great Wall of China.
38. Han Dynasty of China is great because
they incorporated Confucianism and legalism into their political body’s ideals
and morals. The Han Dynasty was very popular because they advocated success and
a future with none of the Qin’s mistakes. The Han Dynasty was considered the
Golden Age because of papermaking, maps, mathematical advancements, seismometer
and an increased knowledge in astronomy.
39. The Han Empire’s political and economic
crises were led by multiple factors. The economy was decreasing due because
farmers were becoming dependent on wealthy landowners. The empire’s territory
was too large to fully control, so the government was losing control of its
borders. Along the borders many of its citizens were becoming barbaric.
Politically, the Han Empire was falling because of internal corruption and inefficiency.
40. Through expansion over the years, from
ruler to ruler, the land of the Romans began to increase. After much time,
Augustus went on to rule, under which he took control of nearby lands, creating
a grand empire.
41. Rome adopted several aspects of Greek
culture. A major field of Greek culture that was adopted was architecture –
gothic. The Romans also took much of the democratic system deployed by the
Greek. To an extent clothe and morals were also taken. Many Greek manuscripts
also changed the Roman ways.
42. Rome’s legacy has been capable of
enduring thousands of years due to its grandness. Also, many texts of its
accomplishments and knowledge are still kept, showing how immense the Roman
Empire truly was.
43. After civil war with Pompey, which ended
in Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus in 48, Caesar became dictator of the Roman
Empire. He was murdered on the Ides (15th) of March in a conspiracy led by
Brutus and Cassius.
44. The first Roman emperor, also called
Octavian. He was asopted in the will of his great-uncle Julius Caesar and
gained supreme power by his defeat of Antony in 31BC. In 27BC he was given the
title Augustus meaning venerable – becoming in effect emperor.
45. The Romans distrust of kings and their
power led them to divide authority between four emperors, known as the
tetrarchy.
46. Rome and Carthage fought the Punic Wars.
47. The first Punic War was a battle between
Rome and Carthage in Sicily and Africa over who gets to own Sicily. Rome beat
Carthage in this Punic war, taking Sicily for its empire.
48. The second Punic War was caused by
Hannibal of Carthage. With his father’s army in Spain, he invaded Italy through
the Alps without the consent of any Carthage government. This angered the
Romans who declared war. The Romans won the war against the Carthage.
49. The third Punic War was planned by Rome
to destroy Carthage. The city was destroyed by the Romans, causing the city of
Carthage to disappear.
50. After the Roman Empire deployed the use
of a Republican government throughout its city-states, it lost major central
control of the empire as a whole. This weakened its power and viciousness. In
an attempt to save the Roman Empire, the Principate system was formed but it
never worked to bring back the integrity held before by the Roman Empire.
51. Constantine was the first Roman Emperor
to be converted to Christianity and in 324 made Christianity the empire’s holy
religion. In 330, he moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople.
52. Theodosius was a Roman Emperor who is
famous for taking control of the Eastern Empire and ending the war with the
Visigoths. In 391 he banned all forms of pagan worship.
53. The Mandate of Heaven was the Chinese
religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it
was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of
China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly
and in the interests of his subjects.
54. The general pattern of each dynasty in
China was that at the beginning of a new dynasty, the dynasty would implement
many great reforms and changes for the people. This created a burst of
prosperity. But after time, the dynasty would weaken due to selfishness or internal
instability. Foreign invasion and rebellions would rise at this time, causing
the dynasty to collapse. A new dynasty would then continue the cycle.
55. Siddhartha Gautama was born an Indian
prince who renounced wealth and family to achieve enlightenment while
meditating. He is the founder of Buddhism.
56. Brahman is the principle source of the
universe. This divine intelligence exists in all beings. Thus all the Hindu
gods and goddesses are manifestations of the one Brahman. Hinduism is based on
the concept of reincarnation, in which all living beings, from plants to gods,
live in a cycle of living and dying. Life is determined by the law of karma.
According to karma, the quality of rebirth is determined by the moral behavior
displayed in the previous life.
57. The caste system is a hereditary system
of social classes in Hindu society. It is distinguished by the level of ritual
purity and social status.
58. A fundamental concept of Buddhism is the
notion that the goal of one’s life is to break the cycles of death and birth.
Reincarnation exists because of the individual’s craving and desires to live in
this world. The ultimate goal of a Buddhists is to achieve freedom from the
cycle of reincarnation and attain nirvana.
The enlightened state in which the person is free from greed, hate, and
ignorance. The way to nirvana
involves the person showing love for others, being compassionate and
sympathetic of other people, and showing patience in everything. A Buddhist
must also follow five main principles which prohibit killing, stealing, ill
language, sexual immorality, and the use of toxic substances.
59. According to Buddha, “Ordinary life is
full of suffering”
60. Buddhism rejects the caste system that is
major in Hinduism.
61. Hinduism mainly spread to south/southeast
Asia like Nepal, Singapore, and Malaysia.
62. Top to bottom: priests, warriors,
merchants, servants, untouchables
63. Untouchables is technically not part of
the caste system, but can be called the fifth caste.
64. Farmers - Laborers - Political Leaders - Brahmins –
65. The capital of the Byzantine Empire was
Constantinople.
66. The Byzantines developed their own unique
version of Christianity called Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
67. Muhammad (570-632 CE) was an Arab prophet
and founder of the religion of Islam.
68. After Muhammad’s death Islam experienced
a schism leading to the division of its followers into Sunnis and Shi’ites. The
Sunnis (the vast majority) believed that the successor should be any who can
take on the responsibilities of the religion, while the Shi’ites believed that
the successor should be one of Muhammad’s family.
69. The Islamic expansion between 634 and 711
allowed for cultural diffusion to take place between the people. Trade routes
between Islamic and other lands, also allowed for Islam to spread quickly.
70. The Five Pillars of Islam are the five
duties expected of every Muslim: profession of the faith in a prescribed form,
pray five times a day, give alms to the poor, fast during the month of Ramadan,
and perform a pilgrimage to Mecca.
71. The Quran is the holy book of Islam.
72. The significance of Mecca is that it is
the birthplace of Muhammad and where he was met by the Angel Gabriel. It marks
the birthplace of Islam, and is a holy ground for Islam. They must face its
direction when they pray.
73. Medina is also significant to Islam
because it is where Muhammad and his followers went when they fled Mecca. It is
also important because that is where Muhammad is buried.
74. The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine
in Jerusalem for Muslims. The third most holy place after Mecca and Medina. It
surrounds the sacred rock on which, Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac
and from which the prophet Muhammad made his miraculous night ascent into
heaven.
75. The Shi’ite group believes that the
caliph was primarily a religious authority and that the position should be held
only by the descendants of Muhammad.
76. The Sunni group believes that the caliph
was primarily a leader and not a religious authority.
77. Charlemagne was the king of the Franks from
768-814 and Holy Roman Emperor from 800-814. As the First Holy Roman emperor,
Charlemagne promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural
center of the Carolingian Renaissance.
78. The most important aspects of the
Byzantine Empire are that it is a smaller version of the Holy Roman Empire,
there to conserve all of its past accomplishments and morals. Under the
Byzantine Empire was that the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity
developed.
79. The most important Byzantine leader was
Justinian.
80. The Magna Carta was a charter of liberty
and political rights pertaining to King John of England to limit the monarchy,
and enable constitutional practices.
81. The Vikings came from Northern Europe
(Scandinavia).
82. The Vikings were a major reason for the
development of the
83. emerges as the
strongest political leader in western Europe during the Middle Ages.
84. From 1000-1300, Europe used feudalism.
85. The Crusades were (1096-1291) armed
pilgrimages by Christians to the Holy Land determined to recover Jerusalem from
Muslim control.
86. The desire of the holy land to be
retrieved from the Muslims motived the Crusades.
87. The Crusades increased the wealth and
power of the Catholic Church and allowed for an instant spread of ideas
throughout the lands involved.
88. The samurai were the warriors of Japan.
They were loyal to the emperor and followed bushido. Their weapon was the
katana or long sword.
89. The Schism was a split from the Church,
while the Great Schism was the separation between Catholic Christianity and
Orthodox Christianity.
90. Aztecs, also known as Mexica, were a
powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated people to provide goods
and labor as a tax. The Aztecs were polytheistic, holding human sacrifices. The
Aztecs developed mathematical concepts, pyramidal structures and terrace
farming.
91. The Incas were the largest and most
powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from
Ecuador to Chile, from its capital of Cuzco. The Incans were polytheistic
worshippers who formed an official language – Quechua.
92. The Mayans were a Mesoamerican
civilization concentrated in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and
Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in
mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
93. The Spanish Inquisition was an
ecclesiastical court established in Roman Catholic Spain in 1478 to suppress
Jewish and Muslim converts thought to be insincere and unwilling. They then
added Protestants, but in the early 19th century the Spanish
Inquisition ended.
94.
95. The Mongols were people living as nomads
in northern Eurasia. After 1206, they established an enormous empire under
Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
96. The Mongols were the first non-Chinese
group to bring all of China under one power.
97. The Mongol dynasty in China was called
the Yuan Dynasty,
98. Genghis Khan was the founder of the
Mongol Empire. Kublai was the emperor of Mongol China and grandson of Genghis
Khan. With his brother Mangu, he conquered southern China. After Mangu’s death
in 1259, he completed the conquest of China, founded the Yuan dynasty, and
established his capital on the site of modern Beijing.
99. The Spanish Armada was a Spanish naval
invasion force sent against England by Philip the Second of Spain (1588). It
was defeated by the English fleet. England’s win showed how powerful the
standing Queen was.
100. The Spanish Armada was defeated in
the English Channel.
101. The Spanish
ships were not as well equipped as the English and their was a storm that was
deadly for the Spanish fleet, wiping out many of its ships.
102. Peter the
Great was Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced western languages and
technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new
city of St. Petersburg (Petrograd)
103. Martin
Luther was a German theologian. He was the principal administrator of the
Protestant Reformation. He preached that justification is achieved by faith
rather than by works.
104. Martin
Luther’s most important principle was that religion is based on faith, rather
than on good works.
105. Martin
Luther’s main issues with the Catholic church was the selling of indulgences.
106. The
Renaissance was a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to
be a rebirth of Greco-Roman culture.
107. During the
Renaissance, humanistic and artistic values were favored as opposed to the past
values of focusing on the later life or afterlife.
108. The
Renaissance began in Florence, Italy.
109. Louis XIV
was son of Louis XIII. He reigned from 1643-1715 (known as the Sun King). His
reign represented the high point of the Bourbon dynasty and of French power in
Europe. However, his constants attempts at expansion turned Europe against him
and weakened France financially.
110. Phillip II
of Spain, son of Charles I reigned from 1556-1598. Phillip came to the thrown
after his father’s abdication. His reign was dominated by an anti-Protestant
crusade that exhausted the Spanish economy.
111. Henry VIII,
son of Henry VII reigned from 1509-1547. He had six wives and three children.
Because the pope opposed his first divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII
broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.
112. The Act of
Supremacy established Henry the 8th as the head of the Church of
England. This was done so that Henry could annul his wife, because she had not
given him a male offspring.
113. Elizabeth I
was the daughter of Henry the 8th and Anne Boleyn. She became the
queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603. Under Elizabeth I,
Protestantism became the state religion.
114. Christopher
Columbus was a Genoese mariner who led expeditions into the Atlantic under the
Spanish crown. He reestablished contact with peoples of the Americas and the
Old World. He opened the door to European conquest.
115. Ferdinand
Magellan was a Portuguese navigator under the Spanish crown, and was the first
to circumnavigate the world.
116. Vasco Da
Gama was a Portuguese explorer. He led the first naval expedition from Europe to India, which would open up an
essential sea route.
117. The Bantu
were a large group of sub-Saharan African peoples who spoke the Bantu
languages.
118. The
Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and
technologies between the Old World (Europe and Asia) and the New World (the
Americas)
119. The kingdom
of Mali was an empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West
Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in
the trans-Saharan gold trade. Mansa Musa was a Malian ruler who promoted the
spread of Islam through its lands by building religious schools and mosques.
120. The kingdom
of Songhai was an empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the
16th century the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic
to Hausa and was a major component to the trans-Saharan trade.
121. The Kingdom
of Ghana was the first kingdom of sub-Saharan West Africa. It existed between
the 6th and 13th centuries. It was successful through the
trading of salts and gold that were in its lands.
122. Timbuktu
was a town in northern Mali that was known for being a trading center of gold
and salt. It reached its height in the 16th century and fell after
it was taken by the Moroccans in 1591.
123. The
numerals and decimal systems that the Europeans used was taken from the Arabs.
124. To prevent
foreign invasion and domination the Japanese practiced isolationism from
1500-1800.
125. From
1500-1800 most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere were from
126. Sugar cane
plantations began operating in the New World 1500s, during the mass movement of
slaves.
127. Haiti
became independent through the Haitian Revolution led by former slave Toussaint
L’Ouverture in 1804. It was inspired by events in Europe like the French
Revolution.
128. The
increase of nutritional foods like potatoes and American maize. There were also
advancements in medicine and sanitation.
129. Until the
1600s scientific thought was based on religion and folklore.
130. As kings of
England James I and Charles I opposed the Puritans.
131. Oliver
Cromwell emerges from the English Civil War as Lord Protector.
132. Charles I’s
fate was that he was beheaded.
133. The causes
of the French Revolution were many. Among the major ones was the unfair taxing
that was performed upon its people (the Third Estate). The exclusion of the
Third Estate from many committees and holdings also angered them, leading them
to cause a revolution.
134. Louis XVI,
along with his wife Marie Antoinette, were executed.
135. The
revolution influenced other nations to take part in the collapse of the
monarchy.
136. The
Continental System was Napoleon’s strategy of blockading Britain (1806 to
1813). It prohibited British ships from entering the ports of France or of
France’s allies.
137. Napoleon
was such a popular French leader because he promised peace and prosperity to a
country exhausted by all the fighting and turmoil.
138. Napoleon
was first exiled to the island of Elba off of the coast of Italy.
139. Napoleon
was last exiled to St. Helena, where he died.
140. Napoleon’s
final military defeat was at Waterloo in Belgium.
141. The
Russian’s tactic during Napoleon’s invasions was the scorched earth tactic. It
was a slash and burn method so that when the French forces entered Russia, they
would not be able to confiscate any useful materials.
142. The daily
life of most pre-industrial rural villages in Europe revolved around farming.
143. The desire
for an equal society by those who are subordinate, was a heavy influence for
the 19th century slave emancipation. The Constitution’s clause that
all men are equal also sprung up many debates about equality.
144. The Mughal
Empire was a Muslim state that exercised power over most of India from the 16th
century to the 17th.
145. The Taj
Mahal reflects Islamic architecture in its inclusion of the dome and minarets.
146. The Ottoman
Empire began in western Anatolia, between the Dardanelles Straight. After the
Byzantine Empire fell, the Ottoman Empire centered it self around Istanbul,
making it the capital. Istanbul was formerly known as Constantinople. It ruled
from 1453 to 1922 encompassing lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the
Caucasus, and Eastern Europe. It used the devshirme and Janissary system. Its
greatest ruler was perhaps Suleiman the Magnificent who made many reforms to
education and the government.
147. The
Tanzimat Reforms were a set of reforms to combat the decline of the empire and
to stop its borders from shrinking. It also tried to correct the government by
creating a constitution and parliament.
148. Most of the
farmers of the Ottoman Empire were Janissaries.
149. India led
the world in cotton production in 1700.
150. The
Enlightenment was a philosophical movement in 18th century Europe
that sprouted the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational
laws that governed social behavior.
151. The
Industrial Revolution was the transformation of the economy, the environment,
and living conditions occurring first in England. Many inventions and
innovations included the steam engine, mechanization of manufacturing, and
changes in communication and transportation.
152. England was
the first country to become industrialized.
153. In the late
18th century and early 19th century, minorities in North
and South America were treated very badly. Their living conditions were poor
and harsh. They were often forced into slave labor. However, in many North and
South American countries the rich were a minority. They had luxurious lives and
much of the land.
154. In 1900,
the majority of new immigrants to the U.S. were from Europe.
155. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
is a German journalist and philosopher, who founded a Marxist branch of
socialism. He is also known for two books – The Communist Manifesto (1848) and
Das Kapital (1867-1894)
156. According
to Karl Marx, control of the means of production would eventually be seized by
the working class.
157. According
to Karl Marx, means of production were controlled by the bourgeoisie.
158. The
economic and political domination of one country by another is a characteristic
of imperialism.
159. Leaders of
nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were educated
leaders, who knew the problems and were determined to put an end to them.
160. Mahatma
Gandhi developed the boycott into an effective method of protesting British
rule.
161. India and
Pakistan split into two nations in 1947 because of religious differences –
India ruled with Hinduism while Pakistan sided with Islam.
162. The causes
of World War 1 were Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
163.The Germans
unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter WWI.
164. The Treaty
of Versailles (1919) was a treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain,
the United States, and other Allied powers after WWI. It demanded that Germany
dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It also made Germany
take the blame for all the casualties and problems of Europe.
165. The causes
of World War 2 were the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler’s yearning to conquer
Europe, the failure of appeasement, and the failure of the League of Nations.
166. Many
historians see D-Day and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as turning
points in WWII.
167. Japan’s
invasion of Manchuria demonstrated the growing political power of the Japanese
Empire.
168. The Allied
campaign in the Pacific called for Island Hopping.
169. The members
of the Triple Entente were France, Britain, and Russia.
170. The
entering of the U.S into the war.
171. Sun Yat-sen
(1867-1925) was a Chinese nationalist leader. He founded the Kuomintang – a
political party. He tried to make China undergo many liberal democratic reforms
but they were prevented by the military.
172. Chiang
Kai-shek (1886-1975) was a Chinese military and political leader. He was the
successor of Sun Yat-sen in the Kuomintang in 1923. He fought against the
Chinese communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949, he was leading the
Chinese nationalist government of Taiwan.
173. Mao Zedong
was (1893-1976) was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. He rebuilt the
Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After WWII he led
the communist party to victory against the Kuomintang and in 1966 he set out on
the Cultural Revolution.
174. Unlike
Lenin, Mao emphasized the power of world revolution in a communist revolution.
175. Japan,
Italy, and Germany (World War II) were members of the Axis Powers.
176. Austria-Hungary’s
ultimatum to Serbia was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
177. The groups
chosen for extermination by Nazis were: Jews, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Polacks,
Slavs, and Communists.
178. Hitler’s
territorial expansion did not stir Western military action until his invasion
of Poland.
179. Hitler’s
plans to invade Britain were stopped by their incapability to beat the British
in air combat.
180. Vladimir
Lenin (1870-1924) was the leader of the Bolsheviks. After coming back in 1917
from being exiled to Switzerland, he led the Bolsheviks to victory in the
Russian Revolution that took place.
181. Vladimir
Lenin led the Bolsheviks.
182. Japan began
a policy of expansion because they needed to gain natural resources and
commodities that were not present on their land due to the lack of arable land.
183. The Western
Allies responded to the Soviet blockade of Berlin by starting the Berlin
Airlift, a system of simply flying over
the blockade.
184. Josef
Stalin (1879-1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary (successor of Lenin), the head
of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and the dictator of the USSR from
1928 to 1953. Under Stalin, the USSR underwent the Five Year Plans to increase
industrial production.
185. The Five-Year
Plan was Josef Stalin’s plan to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly,
beginning in 1928. They wanted to increase the output of steel, electricity and
machinery.
186. The United
Nations was the international assembly that replaced the League of Nations
after WWII.
187. After WWII,
Berlin and Germany were divided into 4 sections to be distributed between the
United States, France, England, and the Soviet Union.
188. The
Marshall Plan was a U.S. program to support the reconstruction of western
Europe after WWII. The United States made a great effort, giving $20 billion in
economic aid.
189. The first
two countries to benefit from the Truman Doctrine were Greece and Turkey.
190. The Cuban
Missile Crisis (1962) was a conflict between the United States and the Soviet
Union over the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba.
191. The Berlin
Wall was built to separate capitalist west Berlin from communist east Berlin.
192. Fidel
Castro was a prime minister who overthrew Batista and set up a communist regime
that survived the U.S attempt at overthrow (Bay of Pigs)
193. The Bay of
Pigs was an attempt by US- backed Cuban exiles to invade the country and
overthrow the communist regime held by Fidel Castro. (Unsuccessful)
194. During the
1980s and 1990s South American countries moved towards communism.
195. The U.S.
effort in Vietnam decreased after people began to see that there was really no
benefit for the United States in wasting their resources. It only seemed to
increase tensions between the two.
196. The 38th
parallel became an important dividing line between North and South Korea.
197. The 17th
parallel became an important dividing line between North and South Vietnam.
198. By 1970
most of the African countries were finally independent.
199. Apartheid
was a policy or system in South Africa of segregation or discrimination.
200. Nelson
Mandela is a South African statesman who was president from 1994-1999. In 1964
he was sent to prison for being an activist of the African National Congress.
He was the country’s first democratically elected president (1994).
201. The Chinese
Communists decided to call their country the Republic of China.
202. Kashmir is
a country disputed by Pakistan and India.
203. The
Ayatollah Khomeini was the Iranian Shi’ite Muslim leader during the Islamic
Revolution that overthrew the shah. He established Iran as a fundamentalist
Islamic republic.
204. Egypt and
Israel were the 2 Middle Eastern countries to sign a peace agreement in 1979.
205. The two
resources that made the Middle East and important region were oil and
petroleum.
206. Gamel Abdel
Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal because it was under British control so get
acquire it he nationalized it.
207. The most
important issue between the Arabs and Israelis is who the land of Palestine
belongs to.
208. The United
States of America occupied Japan at the end of WWII.
209. Ho Chi Minh
was a Vietnamese communist. He led the Viet Minh against the Japanese during
WWII. After coming from France, Ho Chi Minh ousted the French from southern and
central Vietnam.
210. The Gulf of
Tonkin incident was a North Vietnamese attack on 2 U.S. destroyers in the Gulf
Of Tonkin.
211. The Gulf of
Tonkin incident was significant because it gave Lyndon B. Johnson support from
Congress for unlimited expansion of U.S. military development.
212. The United
Nations sent forces to Korea in 1950 to aid South Korea, a non-communist nation
from North Korea, a communist nation.
213. Dien Bien
Phu was taken back from the French by Ho Chi Minh and his forces.
214. After it
was taken back by Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh, it marked the end of
French presence in Vietnam.
215. The Balfour
Declaration was a letter from England in favor of a Jewish homeland in
Palestine.
216. Israeli
wars: The Sinai War
The Six-Day War
The War of Attrition
The Yom Kippur War
The Persian Gulf War
The Israeli-Hezbollah War
The Gaza War
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