history vocab and questions

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Prehistory- the period of time before written records

Lateen sail- The sails equipped on caravels which provided great maneuverability and allowed to sail deeply into the wind

Neolithic Revolution- The first agricultural revolution; the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement.

Artisan- a worker in a skilled trade; craftsman

Patrician- an aristocrat or noblemen

Nirvana- (Buddhism) literally means “snuffing out the flame” The release from the cycle of reincarnations and achievement of a state of perpetual tranquility.

Cuneiform- a system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian.

Citizen- a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalize

Hajj- The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

Feudalism- The dominant social system in medieval Europe, that consisted of the Crown, land-holding nobles, vassals, and peasants or serfs.

Crusades- (1096-1291) Armed pilgrimages by Christians to the Holy Land determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim control.

Daimyo- literally means “great name” Japanese warlords and great landowners.

Mercantilism- European government policies of the 16^th, 17^th, and 18^th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies, to benefit the motherland country.

Divine Right- the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects

Indulgence- The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act.

Absolutism- a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition)

Estate- an area or amount of land or property

Armistice- an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time

Neo-Confucianism- Term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the 20^th century

Imperialism- the creation and maintenance of an economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.

Communism- Communism is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless society structured upon communal ownership of the means of production and the end of wage labor and private property.

Laissez-faire – the idea that the government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs

Ideology- a system of ideas and ideals that forms the basis of economic or political theory  and policy

Pax Romana- literally “Roman peace” The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries.

Satellite- an orbiting body around the earth first used by the Soviet Union in October 1957 (Sputnik)

Appeasement- a diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to another power

Fascism- an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization; it emphasized aggressive nationalism.

Propaganda- form of public advertisement used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

Bourgeoisie- the urban middle class

Division of Labor- a manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers.

Covenant- a contract drawn up by deed

Containment- Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect"

 

1.     B.C.E means Before the Common Era. C. E means Common Era.

2.     B.C. is Before Christ. A.D is Anno Domini which indicates the number of years after the accepted date of Christ’s birth.

3.     Primary sources are often called original sources or data pertaining to an event or subject of inquiry. They often provide a firsthand or eyewitness account. A journal or diary is a primary source.

4.     Secondary sources are materials created through the assimilation and synthesis of various primary and other secondary materials. Reference books and periodicals are secondary sources

5.     The first pre-human hominids probably lived in Africa.

6.     Modern man is referred to as Homo sapiens.

7.     The “fertile crescent” is Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The region was named the “fertile crescent” because of its rich soil and crescent shape.

8.     The development of agriculture allowed for an increase in population because more food was available. This led to a higher population density.

9.     Mesopotamia means “the land between the rivers”

10.  Narmer is responsible for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt.

11.  The pyramids were built during the Giza kingdom in the years 2550 to 2490 BC.

12.  Characteristics of an early civilization were agriculture/farming, and the taming or domestication of animals and plant species.

13.  Ahmenotep broke with the Egyptian religious tradition by advocating Atheism.

14.  Hyksos are a people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta. They formed the 15^th and 16^th dynasties of Egypt and ruled a large part of the country.

15.  The third pharaoh of the 19^th dynasty, he built vast monuments and statues, including the rock temples.

16.  According to the Bible, Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt.

17.  The most essential characteristic is the belief in one God who created the universe and continues to rule it. The God who created the world revealed himself to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. The content of that revelation makes up the Torah, God's will for humankind stated in his commandments. A second major concept in Judaism is that of the covenant, or agreement, between God and the Jewish people. The Jews would acknowledge God, agreeing to obey his laws. God, in turn, would acknowledge Israel as his chosen people.

18.   King Saul was the first king of the united kingdom of Israel, and was anointed by the prophet Samuel.

19.  King David led Israel after King Saul died in battle. He strengthened the nation/land by making Jerusalem the capital, which was the capital both politically and religiously.

20.  King Solomon’s temple was significant because it showed and symbolized a link between secular power and the religious divine.

21.  Zoroastrianism is a religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity who engaged in a twelve thousand year struggle with demonic forces before prevailing a restoring a pristine world.

22.  Hittites are people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the late Bronze Age. Assyrians were people of a kingdom that ruled in northern Mesopotamia.

23.  The Old Babylonians were people of Mesopotamia that were ruled by Hammurabi. The New Babylonians was an empire that ruled in Mesopotamia from 626BC to 529BC.

24.  The foundation of a civilization’s economy was agriculture.

25.  Historians regard the strict Code of Hammurabi as Hammurabi’s greatest accomplishment.

26.  The Phoenicians were Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium BCE.

27.  The city of Carthage was founded by Phoenicians.

28.  The fact that Greece had vast mountains and a wide landscape, caused the separation of Ancient Greeks from one another.

29.  Athens is a significant city-state of Greece because it had an exemplary democratic government. It also had developed arts and academies.

30.  Sparta is another significant city-state of Greece that was well-known for its military strength and might. It was an aggressive state, that conquered other nearby lands.

31.  The Peloponnesian War was a costly and protracted conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance system that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support.

32.  The only polis citizens with political rights were free adult males.

33.  The Persians were people from Iran who created an empire. The empire was notably larger than the previous one – the Assyrian Empire. Because of its large stretch, a system of governors, provinces, and officials was developed through “royal roads”

34.  Philip II of Macedonia was the King of Macedonia and the father of Alexander the Great. He was involved in the Third Sacred War. He had the designated objective of making Macedonia the greatest and strongest of the Greek states, but before all could be done, he was assassinated in 336 BC.

35.  Alexander the Great (356 -323 BCE) was the King of Macedonia in Northern Greece. He conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

36.  Hellenism is the national character and culture of ancient Greece. All the lands that Alexander the Great conquered were said to have undergone Hellenism.

37.  Emperor Qin and the Qin dynasty were significant because they constructed the Great Wall of China.

38.  Han Dynasty of China is great because they incorporated Confucianism and legalism into their political body’s ideals and morals. The Han Dynasty was very popular because they advocated success and a future with none of the Qin’s mistakes. The Han Dynasty was considered the Golden Age because of papermaking, maps, mathematical advancements, seismometer and an increased knowledge in astronomy.

39.  The Han Empire’s political and economic crises were led by multiple factors. The economy was decreasing due because farmers were becoming dependent on wealthy landowners. The empire’s territory was too large to fully control, so the government was losing control of its borders. Along the borders many of its citizens were becoming barbaric. Politically, the Han Empire was falling because of internal corruption and inefficiency.

40.  Through expansion over the years, from ruler to ruler, the land of the Romans began to increase. After much time, Augustus went on to rule, under which he took control of nearby lands, creating a grand empire.

41.  Rome adopted several aspects of Greek culture. A major field of Greek culture that was adopted was architecture – gothic. The Romans also took much of the democratic system deployed by the Greek. To an extent clothe and morals were also taken. Many Greek manuscripts also changed the Roman ways.

42.  Rome’s legacy has been capable of enduring thousands of years due to its grandness. Also, many texts of its accomplishments and knowledge are still kept, showing how immense the Roman Empire truly was.

43.  After civil war with Pompey, which ended in Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus in 48, Caesar became dictator of the Roman Empire. He was murdered on the Ides (15th) of March in a conspiracy led by Brutus and Cassius.

44.  The first Roman emperor, also called Octavian. He was asopted in the will of his great-uncle Julius Caesar and gained supreme power by his defeat of Antony in 31BC. In 27BC he was given the title Augustus meaning venerable – becoming in effect emperor.

45.  The Romans distrust of kings and their power led them to divide authority between four emperors, known as the tetrarchy.

46.  Rome and Carthage fought the Punic Wars.

47.  The first Punic War was a battle between Rome and Carthage in Sicily and Africa over who gets to own Sicily. Rome beat Carthage in this Punic war, taking Sicily for its empire.

48.  The second Punic War was caused by Hannibal of Carthage. With his father’s army in Spain, he invaded Italy through the Alps without the consent of any Carthage government. This angered the Romans who declared war. The Romans won the war against the Carthage.

49.  The third Punic War was planned by Rome to destroy Carthage. The city was destroyed by the Romans, causing the city of Carthage to disappear.

50.  After the Roman Empire deployed the use of a Republican government throughout its city-states, it lost major central control of the empire as a whole. This weakened its power and viciousness. In an attempt to save the Roman Empire, the Principate system was formed but it never worked to bring back the integrity held before by the Roman Empire.

51.  Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to be converted to Christianity and in 324 made Christianity the empire’s holy religion. In 330, he moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople.

52.  Theodosius was a Roman Emperor who is famous for taking control of the Eastern Empire and ending the war with the Visigoths. In 391 he banned all forms of pagan worship.

53.  The Mandate of Heaven was the Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the interests of his subjects.

54.  The general pattern of each dynasty in China was that at the beginning of a new dynasty, the dynasty would implement many great reforms and changes for the people. This created a burst of prosperity. But after time, the dynasty would weaken due to selfishness or internal instability. Foreign invasion and rebellions would rise at this time, causing the dynasty to collapse. A new dynasty would then continue the cycle.

55.  Siddhartha Gautama was born an Indian prince who renounced wealth and family to achieve enlightenment while meditating. He is the founder of Buddhism.

56.  Brahman is the principle source of the universe. This divine intelligence exists in all beings. Thus all the Hindu gods and goddesses are manifestations of the one Brahman. Hinduism is based on the concept of reincarnation, in which all living beings, from plants to gods, live in a cycle of living and dying. Life is determined by the law of karma. According to karma, the quality of rebirth is determined by the moral behavior displayed in the previous life.

57.  The caste system is a hereditary system of social classes in Hindu society. It is distinguished by the level of ritual purity and social status.

58.  A fundamental concept of Buddhism is the notion that the goal of one’s life is to break the cycles of death and birth. Reincarnation exists because of the individual’s craving and desires to live in this world. The ultimate goal of a Buddhists is to achieve freedom from the cycle of reincarnation and attain nirvana. The enlightened state in which the person is free from greed, hate, and ignorance. The way to nirvana involves the person showing love for others, being compassionate and sympathetic of other people, and showing patience in everything. A Buddhist must also follow five main principles which prohibit killing, stealing, ill language, sexual immorality, and the use of toxic substances.

59.  According to Buddha, “Ordinary life is full of suffering”

60.  Buddhism rejects the caste system that is major in Hinduism.

61.  Hinduism mainly spread to south/southeast Asia like Nepal, Singapore, and Malaysia.

62.  Top to bottom: priests, warriors, merchants, servants, untouchables

63.  Untouchables is technically not part of the caste system, but can be called the fifth caste.

64.  Farmers -                      Laborers -                      Political Leaders -                     Brahmins –

65.  The capital of the Byzantine Empire was Constantinople.

66.  The Byzantines developed their own unique version of Christianity called Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

67.  Muhammad (570-632 CE) was an Arab prophet and founder of the religion of Islam.

68.  After Muhammad’s death Islam experienced a schism leading to the division of its followers into Sunnis and Shi’ites. The Sunnis (the vast majority) believed that the successor should be any who can take on the responsibilities of the religion, while the Shi’ites believed that the successor should be one of Muhammad’s family.

69.  The Islamic expansion between 634 and 711 allowed for cultural diffusion to take place between the people. Trade routes between Islamic and other lands, also allowed for Islam to spread quickly.

70.  The Five Pillars of Islam are the five duties expected of every Muslim: profession of the faith in a prescribed form, pray five times a day, give alms to the poor, fast during the month of Ramadan, and perform a pilgrimage to Mecca.

71.  The Quran is the holy book of Islam.

72.  The significance of Mecca is that it is the birthplace of Muhammad and where he was met by the Angel Gabriel. It marks the birthplace of Islam, and is a holy ground for Islam. They must face its direction when they pray.

73.  Medina is also significant to Islam because it is where Muhammad and his followers went when they fled Mecca. It is also important because that is where Muhammad is buried.

74.  The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine in Jerusalem for Muslims. The third most holy place after Mecca and Medina. It surrounds the sacred rock on which, Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac and from which the prophet Muhammad made his miraculous night ascent into heaven.

75.  The Shi’ite group believes that the caliph was primarily a religious authority and that the position should be held only by the descendants of Muhammad.

76.  The Sunni group believes that the caliph was primarily a leader and not a religious authority.

77.   Charlemagne was the king of the Franks from 768-814 and Holy Roman Emperor from 800-814. As the First Holy Roman emperor, Charlemagne promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural center of the Carolingian Renaissance.

78.  The most important aspects of the Byzantine Empire are that it is a smaller version of the Holy Roman Empire, there to conserve all of its past accomplishments and morals. Under the Byzantine Empire was that the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity developed.

79.  The most important Byzantine leader was Justinian.

80.  The Magna Carta was a charter of liberty and political rights pertaining to King John of England to limit the monarchy, and enable constitutional practices.

81.  The Vikings came from Northern Europe (Scandinavia).

82.  The Vikings were a major reason for the development of the

83.                               emerges as the strongest political leader in western Europe during the Middle Ages.

84.  From 1000-1300,  Europe used feudalism.

85.  The Crusades were (1096-1291) armed pilgrimages by Christians to the Holy Land determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim control.

86.  The desire of the holy land to be retrieved from the Muslims motived the Crusades.

87.  The Crusades increased the wealth and power of the Catholic Church and allowed for an instant spread of ideas throughout the lands involved.

88.  The samurai were the warriors of Japan. They were loyal to the emperor and followed bushido. Their weapon was the katana or long sword.

89.  The Schism was a split from the Church, while the Great Schism was the separation between Catholic Christianity and Orthodox Christianity.

90.  Aztecs, also known as Mexica, were a powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as a tax. The Aztecs were polytheistic, holding human sacrifices. The Aztecs developed mathematical concepts, pyramidal structures and terrace farming.

91.  The Incas were the largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile, from its capital of Cuzco. The Incans were polytheistic worshippers who formed an official language – Quechua.

92.  The Mayans were a Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

93.  The Spanish Inquisition was an ecclesiastical court established in Roman Catholic Spain in 1478 to suppress Jewish and Muslim converts thought to be insincere and unwilling. They then added Protestants, but in the early 19^th century the Spanish Inquisition ended.

94.   

95.  The Mongols were people living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206, they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

96.  The Mongols were the first non-Chinese group to bring all of China under one power.

97.  The Mongol dynasty in China was called the Yuan Dynasty,

98.  Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. Kublai was the emperor of Mongol China and grandson of Genghis Khan. With his brother Mangu, he conquered southern China. After Mangu’s death in 1259, he completed the conquest of China, founded the Yuan dynasty, and established his capital on the site of modern Beijing.

99.  The Spanish Armada was a Spanish naval invasion force sent against England by Philip the Second of Spain (1588). It was defeated by the English fleet. England’s win showed how powerful the standing Queen was.

100. The Spanish Armada was defeated in the English Channel.

101. The Spanish ships were not as well equipped as the English and their was a storm that was deadly for the Spanish fleet, wiping out many of its ships.

102. Peter the Great was Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg (Petrograd)

103. Martin Luther was a German theologian. He was the principal administrator of the Protestant Reformation. He preached that justification is achieved by faith rather than by works.

104. Martin Luther’s most important principle was that religion is based on faith, rather than on good works.

105. Martin Luther’s main issues with the Catholic church was the selling of indulgences.

106. The Renaissance was a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a rebirth of Greco-Roman culture.

107. During the Renaissance, humanistic and artistic values were favored as opposed to the past values of focusing on the later life or afterlife.

108. The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy.

109. Louis XIV was son of Louis XIII. He reigned from 1643-1715 (known as the Sun King). His reign represented the high point of the Bourbon dynasty and of French power in Europe. However, his constants attempts at expansion turned Europe against him and weakened France financially.

110. Phillip II of Spain, son of Charles I reigned from 1556-1598. Phillip came to the thrown after his father’s abdication. His reign was dominated by an anti-Protestant crusade that exhausted the Spanish economy.

111. Henry VIII, son of Henry VII reigned from 1509-1547. He had six wives and three children. Because the pope opposed his first divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

112. The Act of Supremacy established Henry the 8^th as the head of the Church of England. This was done so that Henry could annul his wife, because she had not given him a male offspring.

113. Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry the 8^th and Anne Boleyn. She became the queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603. Under Elizabeth I, Protestantism became the state religion.

114. Christopher Columbus was a Genoese mariner who led expeditions into the Atlantic under the Spanish crown. He reestablished contact with peoples of the Americas and the Old World. He opened the door to European conquest.

115. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese navigator under the Spanish crown, and was the first to circumnavigate the world.

116. Vasco Da Gama was a Portuguese explorer. He led the first naval        expedition from Europe to India, which would open up an essential sea route.

117. The Bantu were a large group of sub-Saharan African peoples who spoke the Bantu languages.

118. The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old World (Europe and Asia) and the New World (the Americas)

119. The kingdom of Mali was an empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. Mansa Musa was a Malian ruler who promoted the spread of Islam through its lands by building religious schools and mosques.

120. The kingdom of Songhai was an empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the 16^th century the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to Hausa and was a major component to the trans-Saharan trade.

121. The Kingdom of Ghana was the first kingdom of sub-Saharan West Africa. It existed between the 6^th and 13^th centuries. It was successful through the trading of salts and gold that were in its lands.

122. Timbuktu was a town in northern Mali that was known for being a trading center of gold and salt. It reached its height in the 16^th century and fell after it was taken by the Moroccans in 1591.

123. The numerals and decimal systems that the Europeans used was taken from the Arabs.

124. To prevent foreign invasion and domination the Japanese practiced isolationism from 1500-1800.

125. From 1500-1800 most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere were from

126. Sugar cane plantations began operating in the New World 1500s, during the mass movement of slaves.

127. Haiti became independent through the Haitian Revolution led by former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture in 1804. It was inspired by events in Europe like the French Revolution.

128. The increase of nutritional foods like potatoes and American maize. There were also advancements in medicine and sanitation.

129. Until the 1600s scientific thought was based on religion and folklore.

130. As kings of England James I and Charles I opposed the Puritans.

131. Oliver Cromwell emerges from the English Civil War as Lord Protector.

132. Charles I’s fate was that he was beheaded.

133. The causes of the French Revolution were many. Among the major ones was the unfair taxing that was performed upon its people (the Third Estate). The exclusion of the Third Estate from many committees and holdings also angered them, leading them to cause a revolution.

134. Louis XVI, along with his wife Marie Antoinette, were executed.

135. The revolution influenced other nations to take part in the collapse of the monarchy.

136. The Continental System was Napoleon’s strategy of blockading Britain (1806 to 1813). It prohibited British ships from entering the ports of France or of France’s allies.

137. Napoleon was such a popular French leader because he promised peace and prosperity to a country exhausted by all the fighting and turmoil.

138. Napoleon was first exiled to the island of Elba off of the coast of Italy.

139. Napoleon was last exiled to St. Helena, where he died.

140. Napoleon’s final military defeat was at Waterloo in Belgium.

141. The Russian’s tactic during Napoleon’s invasions was the scorched earth tactic. It was a slash and burn method so that when the French forces entered Russia, they would not be able to confiscate any useful materials.

142. The daily life of most pre-industrial rural villages in Europe revolved around farming.

143. The desire for an equal society by those who are subordinate, was a heavy influence for the 19^th century slave emancipation. The Constitution’s clause that all men are equal also sprung up many debates about equality.

144. The Mughal Empire was a Muslim state that exercised power over most of India from the 16^th century to the 17^th.

145. The Taj Mahal reflects Islamic architecture in its inclusion of the dome and minarets.

146. The Ottoman Empire began in western Anatolia, between the Dardanelles Straight. After the Byzantine Empire fell, the Ottoman Empire centered it self around Istanbul, making it the capital. Istanbul was formerly known as Constantinople. It ruled from 1453 to 1922 encompassing lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe. It used the devshirme and Janissary system. Its greatest ruler was perhaps Suleiman the Magnificent who made many reforms to education and the government.

147. The Tanzimat Reforms were a set of reforms to combat the decline of the empire and to stop its borders from shrinking. It also tried to correct the government by creating a constitution and parliament.

148. Most of the farmers of the Ottoman Empire were Janissaries.

149. India led the world in cotton production in 1700.

150. The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement in 18^th century Europe that sprouted the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior.

151. The Industrial Revolution was the transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions occurring first in England. Many inventions and innovations included the steam engine, mechanization of manufacturing, and changes in communication and transportation.

152. England was the first country to become industrialized.

153. In the late 18^th century and early 19^th century, minorities in North and South America were treated very badly. Their living conditions were poor and harsh. They were often forced into slave labor. However, in many North and South American countries the rich were a minority. They had luxurious lives and much of the land.

154. In 1900, the majority of new immigrants to the U.S. were from Europe.

155. Karl Marx (1818-1883) is a German journalist and philosopher, who founded a Marxist branch of socialism. He is also known for two books – The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894)

156. According to Karl Marx, control of the means of production would eventually be seized by the working class.

157. According to Karl Marx, means of production were controlled by the bourgeoisie.

158. The economic and political domination of one country by another is a characteristic of imperialism.

159. Leaders of nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were educated leaders, who knew the problems and were determined to put an end to them.

160. Mahatma Gandhi developed the boycott into an effective method of protesting British rule.

161. India and Pakistan split into two nations in 1947 because of religious differences – India ruled with Hinduism while Pakistan sided with Islam.

162. The causes of World War 1 were Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

163.The Germans unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter WWI.

164. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied powers after WWI. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It also made Germany take the blame for all the casualties and problems of Europe.

165. The causes of World War 2 were the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler’s yearning to conquer Europe, the failure of appeasement, and the failure of the League of Nations.

166. Many historians see D-Day and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as turning points in WWII.

167. Japan’s invasion of Manchuria demonstrated the growing political power of the Japanese Empire.

168. The Allied campaign in the Pacific called for Island Hopping.

169. The members of the Triple Entente were France, Britain, and Russia.

170. The entering of the U.S into the war.

171. Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925) was a Chinese nationalist leader. He founded the Kuomintang – a political party. He tried to make China undergo many liberal democratic reforms but they were prevented by the military.

172. Chiang Kai-shek (1886-1975) was a Chinese military and political leader. He was the successor of Sun Yat-sen in the Kuomintang in 1923. He fought against the Chinese communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949, he was leading the Chinese nationalist government of Taiwan.

173. Mao Zedong was (1893-1976) was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. He rebuilt the Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After WWII he led the communist party to victory against the Kuomintang and in 1966 he set out on the Cultural Revolution.

174. Unlike Lenin, Mao emphasized the power of world revolution in a communist revolution.

175. Japan, Italy, and Germany (World War II) were members of the Axis Powers.

176. Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

177. The groups chosen for extermination by Nazis were: Jews, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Polacks, Slavs, and Communists.

178. Hitler’s territorial expansion did not stir Western military action until his invasion of Poland.

179. Hitler’s plans to invade Britain were stopped by their incapability to beat the British in air combat.

180. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) was the leader of the Bolsheviks. After coming back in 1917 from being exiled to Switzerland, he led the Bolsheviks to victory in the Russian Revolution that took place.

181. Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks.

182. Japan began a policy of expansion because they needed to gain natural resources and commodities that were not present on their land due to the lack of arable land.

183. The Western Allies responded to the Soviet blockade of Berlin by starting the Berlin Airlift,  a system of simply flying over the blockade.

184. Josef Stalin (1879-1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary (successor of Lenin), the head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and the dictator of the USSR from 1928 to 1953. Under Stalin, the USSR underwent the Five Year Plans to increase industrial production.

185. The Five-Year Plan was Josef Stalin’s plan to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They wanted to increase the output of steel, electricity and machinery.

186. The United Nations was the international assembly that replaced the League of Nations after WWII.

187. After WWII, Berlin and Germany were divided into 4 sections to be distributed between the United States, France, England, and the Soviet Union.

188. The Marshall Plan was a U.S. program to support the reconstruction of western Europe after WWII. The United States made a great effort, giving $20 billion in economic aid.

189. The first two countries to benefit from the Truman Doctrine were Greece and Turkey.

190. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) was a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union over the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba.

191. The Berlin Wall was built to separate capitalist west Berlin from communist east Berlin.

192. Fidel Castro was a prime minister who overthrew Batista and set up a communist regime that survived the U.S attempt at overthrow (Bay of Pigs)

193. The Bay of Pigs was an attempt by US- backed Cuban exiles to invade the country and overthrow the communist regime held by Fidel Castro. (Unsuccessful)

194. During the 1980s and 1990s South American countries moved towards communism.

195. The U.S. effort in Vietnam decreased after people began to see that there was really no benefit for the United States in wasting their resources. It only seemed to increase tensions between the two.

196. The 38^th parallel became an important dividing line between North and South Korea.

197. The 17^th parallel became an important dividing line between North and South Vietnam.

198. By 1970 most of the African countries were finally independent.

199. Apartheid was a policy or system in South Africa of segregation or discrimination.

200. Nelson Mandela is a South African statesman who was president from 1994-1999. In 1964 he was sent to prison for being an activist of the African National Congress. He was the country’s first democratically elected president (1994).

201. The Chinese Communists decided to call their country the Republic of China.

202. Kashmir is a country disputed by Pakistan and India.

203. The Ayatollah Khomeini was the Iranian Shi’ite Muslim leader during the Islamic Revolution that overthrew the shah. He established Iran as a fundamentalist Islamic republic.

204. Egypt and Israel were the 2 Middle Eastern countries to sign a peace agreement in 1979.

205. The two resources that made the Middle East and important region were oil and petroleum.

206. Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal because it was under British control so get acquire it he nationalized it.

207. The most important issue between the Arabs and Israelis is who the land of Palestine belongs to.

208. The United States of America occupied Japan at the end of WWII.

209. Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese communist. He led the Viet Minh against the Japanese during WWII. After coming from France, Ho Chi Minh ousted the French from southern and central Vietnam.

210. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a North Vietnamese attack on 2 U.S. destroyers in the Gulf Of Tonkin.

211. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was significant because it gave Lyndon B. Johnson support from Congress for unlimited expansion of U.S. military development.

212. The United Nations sent forces to Korea in 1950 to aid South Korea, a non-communist nation from North Korea, a communist nation.

213. Dien Bien Phu was taken back from the French by Ho Chi Minh and his forces.

214. After it was taken back by Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh, it marked the end of French presence in Vietnam.

215. The Balfour Declaration was a letter from England in favor of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

216. Israeli wars: The Sinai War

                             The Six-Day War

                             The War of Attrition

                             The Yom Kippur War

                             The Persian Gulf War

                             The Israeli-Hezbollah War

                             The Gaza War

                             



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