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What did the Iberian Peninsula produce for Rome?
Before the Punic Wars, Hispania was a land with much untapped mineral and agricultural wealth, limited by the primitive subsistence economies of her native peoples outside of a few trading ports along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Occupations by the Carthaginians and then by the Romans for her abundant silver deposits developed Hispania into a thriving multifaceted economy. Besides several metals, olives, salted fish, and wines were some of the goods produced in Hispania and traded throughout the Empire.
Hispania served as a granary and a major source of metals for the Roman market, and its harbors exported gold, tin, silver, lead, wool, wheat, olive oil, wine, fish, and garum . Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use today. The Romanized Iberian populations and the Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers and colonists had all achieved the status of full Roman citizenship by the end of the 1st century. The emperors Trajan (r. 98–117), Hadrian (r. 117–138), and Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) were of Hispanic origin. The Iberian denarii, also called argentum oscense by Roman soldiers, circulated until the 1st century BC, after which it was replaced by Roman coins.
Name the emperors who ruled during the period 96-192, AD, and say when their individual reigns occurred.
The Nerva–Antonine dynasty (30 AD-98AD) was a dynasty of seven Roman Emperors ( 96-1920 who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors are Nerva (96-98 AD), Trajan (98-117 AD , )Hadrian ( 117-138 AD), Antoninus Pius (138-161 AD), Marcus Aurelius (161-180-AD. Lucius Verus, and Commodus (180-192 AD).
.What two means of succession did these emperors use?
The first five of the six successions within this dynasty were notable in that the reigning Emperor adopted the candidate of his choice to be his successor. Under Roman law, an adoption established a bond legally as strong as that of kinship. Because of this, the second through sixth Nerva-Antonine emperors are also called Adoptive Emperors.
How might a period of relative tranquility like this one have affected the functioning of commerce, and of towns and cities in Hispania?
From the study of this history we may also learn how a good government is to be established; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except Titus, were bad, all were good who succeeded by adoption, as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus. But as soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced. Machiavelli argued that these adopted emperors, through good rule, earned the respect of those around them:
Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Marcus had no need of praetorian cohorts, or of countless legions to guard them, but were defended by their own good lives, the good-will of their subjects, and the attachment of the senate.
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What were the means of succession most often employed in the third century AD, particularly in the years of anarchy, 235-284?
The Crisis of the Third Century is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284. It is also called the period of the "military anarchy".
The Roman Empire by 271 AD with the breakaway realms of the Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic Empire. Already in the 1st and 2nd century, disputes about the succession had led to short civil wars, but in the 3rd century these civil wars became a constant factor, as no single candidate succeeded in quickly overcoming his opponents or holding on to the Imperial position for very long. Between 235 and 284 no fewer than 25 different emperors ruled Rome (the Soldier-Emperors). All but two of these emperors were either murdered or killed in battle.
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Indicate as many factors as you can that contributed to the anarchy of the third century. How might this anarchy have affected the functioning of commerce, and of towns and cities in Hispania?
Factors which have been put forward as crucial include, climate change, the decline in military spirit, disease (plague, malaria), depopulation, racial ‘pollution’ and immorality. Econonmic and Agricultural production would decrease due to roads no longer safe, and plague.
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