Male-Female Differences
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11.1- Male-Female Differences
Biological differences in genitalia determine sex
Masculinity- the qualities generally associated with being a man
Femininity- the qualities generally associated with being a woman
Men have better spatial ability, geography, politics, math
Girls are more verbally advanced, earn higher grades in school, better at reading/writing
Men more verbally and physically aggressive, commit more violent crimes
Females are better at nonverbal communication
Masculine men/women more likely to die faster than feminine men/women
Prehistoric drawings show female characteristics of fertility and nurturance, while male characteristics of hunting and warring
Asians yin and yang dichotomy- females are yin (passive, shaded, and cold) while men are yang (active, light, hot)
Plato=women weak/ inferior, Aristotle=women incompetent b/c cannot produce semen
View of women as incomplete or imperfect males
Functional school of thoughts-behavior evolve as a result of their functionality for survival
Maternal instinct-an inborn emotional tendency toward nurturance that was triggered by contact with a helpless infant (women had no room to develop other abilities)
Genetic sex- whether an individual has XX chromosomes (female) or XY chromosomes (male)
Estrogen- the class of sex hormones typically considered the “female” sex hormone
Androgen- the class of sex hormones typically considered the “male hormone”
Effect of prenatal hormones on gender behavior evidence: 1)experimental data from animal studies 2)studies of humans who have experienced prenatal genetic or hormonal anomalies
Expose developing animal fetuses to androgens during early prenatal development, a typical finding is that greater amounts of androgen affect later behavior: such animals show higher levels of rough and tumble play, more aggressive behavior, and higher activity levels.
Genetic anomalies include mutations in # of xsomes
XXX are female and infertile, XYY and XXX are male (XYY have more testosterone, may be more violent)
Turner’s syndrome- an individual is born with only a single x chromosome; such a person has female external genitals but no ovaries (display timid and feminine behavior)
Androgenized females- genetically female ppl who were prenatally exposed to excessive levels of androgens and are born with either masculine or ambiguous external genitalia
Cyclical oscillations of hormones during menstruation are said to be related to female personality characteristics including mood swings, violence, mental illness etc.
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