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Asian Music History - Ethnomusicology




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Contact With Assimilated Cultures 
- early centuries of Islam - growth of Cosmopolitan cultural confess in Syria under the Umayyads (661-750) and in Iraq under the Abbasids (750-909)
- Ethnic blending= Arabian Music + Syria, Mesopotamia, Byzantium, and Persia music= New Arab Music
- old elements that remained - singing of poetical lyric in Arabic
-new elements - performance techniques, new aspects of information and new musical instruments
Quynat - female slave singers prevalent during early decades

2nd Process- Introduction of scholar of the Islamic world to ancient greek treaties - 9th century 
- provided musical nomenclature, most of which was indicated by the names of the singers and the employed when playing the 'ud.
-Abu Nasr  Al-Farabi- wrote the the grand treatise on music which discusses sciences of sound, tetrachord, octave species, musical instruments, composition

3rd process Contact with the Medieval West 
- Affecting Arab Music- contact between the Islamic Near East and Europe at a time of the Crusades in the 11th, 12th and 13th Centuries and during the Islamic occupation of Spain
Influence in Instruments:
- rebec
- anafil - natural trumpet
-Great influence on Arab Music from Moorish Spain
- development of literary musical form that utilized romantic subject matter and featured strophic texts with refrains
Contrast to qasida-classical arab which followed a continous flow of lines as c
couplet

4th major process
- hegemony of the ottomon turks over syria,palenstine,iraq,the coasts of arabia and much of north africa
-gradual assimilation and exchange
-arab music and turkish music
-Alatiyyan - male instrumentalists entertained male audiences
Awalim - "learned females" entertained female audiences
-instruments - 'ud
                        nay - flute
Instruments introduced into the Arab World 
-Sama'i
- Bashraq

5th Process Contact with the Modern West 
- fifth process and most recent - contact between Arab music and the Modern West following the Napoleonic conquest of Egypt (1798-1801) and the subsequent cultural and political interaction among the 19th centuries
- importation of military concepts into Egypt and military school (in which Western instruments and musical notation were employed) from influences of the West.
-Cairo Opera House built - symbol of Westernization in the Muslim World - built by Khedine Isma'il
- European protestant missionaries
- piano, accordion, and mouth organ were becoming common household instruments in Egypt
- continuation and growth of musical theaters

Unifying Traits of Arab Music
-
traits contributing to unity in Arab music are numerous

- intimate connection between the music and the Arabic language

Arab Melody
-series of individual pitches are occurring after another in order that the compostire order of pitches constitutes a recognizable entity. It contains unique intervals which give it a distinct quality derived from the maqam.
-absence of complex polyphony - phenomenon that distinguishes music of this part of the world.

Arab Music
-exhibits complexity in melody which is connected with modality known under maqam
- Maqam- based on a theoretical scale, specific notes of emphasize, and typical pattern of melodic movement (plural - maqamat)
-Iqa - Arab rhythm - modal conception and organization of melody.
-Plural Iqa'at - modes employed in various metric composition
- These modes are rendered on percussion instruments within the ensemble including the:
   -tablah - vase shaped hand drum
   - riqq- small tambourine
- influencing the nature of phrasing and patterns of accentuations
- Iqa consists primarily of rests and beats distinguished by timbre

Egyptian Tradition 
- Dumm- deep sound produced by hitting closer to the central position of the drum
- Takk- high pitched clasp sound produced by beating or tapping near the rim of the instrument
- Mutub- main male vocalist
- Within a compound form, which predominate in Arab music, individual pieces may vary in style, improvised as precomposed, featuring a solo singer or chorus, metric

Musical Unity Of Instruments of Contemporary Arabs 
- gamen, 'ud, nay, and Western violin are found in most Arab orchestras
- bowed instruments often accompany the solo voice
- social and religious life and music
- Quranic chanting - religious expression in Islam is the prevalent religion of the Arab world. It is non-metric solo performed and based on the Islamic princples of recitation.
       -It is half spoken, half sung - declamatory
- Adhan - Islamic call to prayer heard from the minaret
-Muezin - person who calls people to prayer
through composed- each line or stanza is improvised

Modern Electronic Media 
- rise of wide scale commercial recording around 1904.
- appearance of musical film in Egypt in 1932
-public radio stations come years later
-Ughniyyah - prevalent song category featuring a solo singer and an elaborate orchestra equipped with both Western and traditional Arab instruments

Musical Instruments of the Arab World 
- reflects the unity and the diversity within the music itself
- before World War I, it gradually expanded into an orchestra that contained these Arab instruments and others borrowed from the West:
    'Ud- (chordophone)- typical of Egypt. Pear shaped, short-necked, fretless    
    instrument. It has 5 double course strings made of nylon. It is derived from the
    Arabic word meaning "wood". Ziryab added the fifth pair of strings to the 'ud.
    - Plucked with an eagle's feather or a piece of plastic
    - tuned to G' A' D G C
    - suitable for both solo players and ensembles
    - known as the the "prince of enchantment" (amir altarab) because of its warm  
    timbre and microtonal flexibility

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