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More Musical Instruments and Definitions



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Tambura - drone instrument- essential part of every classical concert
-Tambura player generally sits behind the main artist so that they may hear the drone constantly and has to be played by a reliable person such as the soloist's wife or apprentice
- consists of a long unfretted neck which has tuning pegs
-number of string varies from 4 to 6
-strings are plucked continuously with the middle and forefinger of the right hand in a regular pattern

Veena - exclusive to Sound India (Carnatic)- chordophone -
-consists of a hollow resonator carved from a single block of wood which continues as long fretted neck to which is attached a smaller resonator
-neck is curved backwards and at the end is a carved head of a mythological animal
-4 main strings  and 3 Tala strings
- gamakas - are used by pulling the string or tala strings which are plucked upwards.  The main strings are plucked downwards.

Mridangam- classical drum of South India (Carnatic) and is used an an accompaniment for vocal, instrumental and dance performances
-made of a single block of wood
- barrel shaped double headed drum, right head is smaller than the left
-right head made of 3 layers and tuned to the tonic
-left hand made of 2 layers
-the larger the mridangam, the lower the pitch

Tabla - pair of drums contrasting in sizes and timbres - most common and popular drum in North Indian Music
-contrived from the Arabic word "tabl" which means drum
-membranophone
-extensive use of fingers an palms to create a variety of different sounds
-invented in India
-smaller drum - dominant hand
-larger drum - other hand
-smaller right drum is called the tabla and the larger left drum is called the bayan (bass drum)
- Both drums have a center blackspot made of iron dust or manganese dust.

Raga- more than just a scale of a mode. Verses in the old treatises of music describe a Raga as that which gives pleasure to the mind of the listener
-Every Rage has its own definite characteristics which make it easy for a discerning listen to recognize
- based on a scale of 5, 6 or 7 notes, the Raga has special features such as melodic ornamentations (gamakas) and microtones (srutis)
- Vadi is the most important note in the Rage
- Sann Vadi is the 2nd most important note
-there are Ragas for different times of the day, occasions and seasons
-In the north the time theory of certain rags being sung only at particular times of the day is still prevalent
- the south Indian raga system is based on the Melakarta system

Melakarta System - system of 72 complete parent scales from which Ragas are derived from
- the number of ragas that can be derived from this system is in excess of twenty thousand.

Gharana - refers to a school of music, a family of musicians or a musical lineage connected with the names of a particular place of person
- the characteristic style of gharana is its special style of presentation the result of the special and extraordinary creativity and innovation of a highly talented musician.
- the emergence of the gharana system in our music and its growing importance in the 18th and 19th century had its own impact upon their revolution of raga

Sama'i - 10 beat metre
-composition form based on a 10/8 rhythm witha  short section on 6/8 before it returns to 10/8 to complete the piece

Instruments of North Indian Music (Hindustani) 
Sitar - one of the most popular stringed instruments in North India
-long neck with 20 metal frets and 6-7 main strings and 13 sympathetic strings, below the maine ones which are tuned to the notes of the rage being played
-chordophone

Sarod-
-orginally came from Afghanistan and was developed during the the 19th Century
- fretless and has 25 strings of which fifteen are sympathetic strings
- a metal gourd attached to the top ends act as resonators
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