Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 10
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1.Most
cells are microscopic because at this small size _____. the ratio of surface
area to cell volume is maximized
2.Which
of the following is not a benefit of multicellularity? All cells can perform
all metabolic functions.
3.Which
of these is most likely not characteristic of a small aquatic animal? extensive
branching of internal respiratory surfaces
4.An
epithelial cell with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm probably has what
function? absorption and secretion
5.Which
of the following are epithelial tissues?squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells
6.Which of the following consist(s) of
specialized epithelial cells? all of the above
7.Organs
that come into contact with the environment are lined with which one of the
following types of tissue? epithelial
8.Microscopic
analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes,
indicating that the sample is _____. cartilage
9.The
matrix of blood tissue is _____. the blood plasma
10.Which
of the six major types of connective tissue has a matrix made of rigid collagen
and calcium salts?bone
11.Ligaments
are what kind of connective tissue?fibrous connective
12.Which of the major tissue types is
responsible for elasticity in the heart? connective
13.Cells
that secrete cartilage are called _____.chondrocytes
14.Ligaments connect _____ to _____. bone ...
bone
15Which
of the following are connective tissues? adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and
blood
16.Bone cells are called _____. osteocytes
17."Branched and striated" is a
description that would apply to which kind of animal tissue? cardiac muscle
18.Myosin and actin are _____. proteins that
play a major role in muscle contraction
19.Each skeletal muscle fiber _____. all of
the above
20.A neuron consists of _____. a cell body,
dendrites, and axons
21.How many organ systems make up your body?
eleven
22.All but one of the following systems are
correctly paired with one of their parts. Which pair is incorrect? excretory
system ... intestine
23.An organ such as the heart or liver
contains _____. all of the above
24.An organism is to an albatross as a(n)
_____ is to an intestine. Organ
25.Which
one of the following animals would you expect to consume food at the highest
rate (kilograms of food per kilogram of body weight per day)? hummingbird
26.Which of these is not true of a food
ingested by an animal? Food is broken down in anabolic pathways.
27.An animal's internal environment is _____.
the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells
28Which
of the following best illustrates homeostasis? When blood CO2 increases, you
breathe faster, ridding the body of excess CO2.
29.Negative
feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____. counteracts a change in
a condition by causing the change to either moderate or stop
0.If hormone A is part of a negative feedback
loop with hormone B, then we can expect that _____. A will be highest when B is
lowest, and vice versa
31.When we talk of feedback systems, the word
"stimulus" means _____. a difference between the environment and the
set point
32.The
role of an effector in a feedback loop is to _____. influence the stimulus
33.When a jogger starts to run, the rate at
which his muscles produce CO2 rises sharply. But the CO2 in his blood rises
only slightly before he starts to breathe faster and his heart starts beating
stronger. Soon his increased rate of CO2 production is balanced by an increased
rate of CO2 removal. This would be an example of _____ feedback because the
jogger's circulatory and respiratory systems are _____. negative ... acting to
oppose the increase of CO2 from the preferred concentration
34_____
feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it _____. Negative ...
tends to keep a system at a desirable "set point"
35.By definition, an ectotherm _____. obtains
most of its heat from its environment
36.The
term "endotherm" refers specifically to _____. an animal that gets
most of its body heat from its metabolism
37.Which
statement is true regarding thermoregulation? Ectotherms generally do not
conserve body heat as effectively as do polar bears.
38.The wolf, his coat glowing in the early
spring sunshine, sat atop a cold boulder after unsuccessfully pursuing a plump
jackrabbit. He continued to pant while _____. heat radiated from his tired body
39.It's
a cold day in the lecture hall. When you rest your arm on the cool laminated
desktop at your seat, heat is transferred _____. from your body to the desk by
conduction
40.When
body temperature is too _____, _____ helps to correct the situation because it
_____.high ... peripheral vasodilation ... redirects heat from the body core to
the outside
41.Humid
weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water
molecules _____. interferes with heat loss by evaporation
42.Sweating
_____. helps the body thermoregulate
43.Which
mode of thermoregulation is both behavioral and warming? A falcon migrates from
San Francisco to Brazil for the winter.
44In
the late fall, bats hibernate in clusters with many bats pressed together and
holding on to one another. Which example below is not an advantage of this
behavior? Hibernation allows the bats to completely shut down their physiology.
45.On
a cold day, blood vessels in the skin _____. constrict, reducing heat loss from
blood at the surface
1.Which
one of the following is not something that must be provided in an animal's
diet? oxygen
2.Which
one of the following statements is false? Glycogen is a major fuel molecule for
cells.
3.Leptin,
an appetite regulator, is produced in the _____ and _____. adipose tissue ...
high blood levels of leptin should lead to suppressed appetite
4.A
breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In
this context, the word "essential" means _____.
the
nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body
5Which
of the following are considered essential nutrients? (1) certain carbohydrates,
(2) certain fatty acids, (3) certain amino acids, (4) cholesterol 2 and 3
6.In
general, B vitamins function in your body as _____. coenzymes
7.Why
is it important to consume B vitamins every day, but not A vitamins? Vitamin A
can be stored by the body, but B vitamins cannot.
8.The
fat-soluble vitamins include _____. vitamins A, D, E, and K
9._____ are needed in the diet as components
of teeth and bone, as parts of certain enzymes, for normal muscle and nerve
function, and for water balance. Minerals
10.Which one of the following statements about
nutrition and digestion is true? Absorption involves monomers passing through
intestinal walls.
11.Which
one of the following statements is false? The last stage of food processing is
absorption.
12.In vertebrates, food is moved along the
length of the digestive system by _____. peristalsis
13.Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins
in the _____ with the action of _____. mouth ... salivary amylase
14.The
tongue does all of the following except _____. secrete saliva
15.How
is the stomach lining protected from the strongly acidic pH of its contents?
Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach.
16.Which one of the following statements
regarding protein digestion is falsProtein digestion involves pepsin, which
comes from the chief cells in the stomach.
17.Which
of the following might make the most effective anti-ulcer medication? a
chemical that kills bacteria in the stomach
18.Acid
chyme _____. contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric
sphincter
19.Which of the following is properly matched
with its product?acid chyme backflow ... heartburn
20.In
humans, most nutrient molecules are absorbed by the _____. small intestine
21.The liver and pancreas add their secretions
to the partially digested food produced in the stomach, in the _____ of the
small intestine. duodenum
22.The largest variety of digestive enzymes
function in the _____. small intestine
23.The
natural antacid produced to protect the intestines against stomach acid is
produced by the _____. pancreas
24.Pepsin
is an enzyme produced in the stomach that attacks proteins to break them down
into smaller peptide molecules. Which one of the following statements about
this enzyme is true?Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as
basic secretions from the pancreas neutralize the pH.
25.Gallstone
surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then
advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because _____. the gallbladder
stores large quantities of bile, releasing it when fats reach the small
intestine
26.The lungs consist of many small air sacs
and blood vessels, which greatly increase surface area and improve the transfer
of substances through their walls. The structures in the digestive system
similar in function to these air sacs and capillaries are the _____. villi and
microvilli
27.Which
of the following is the actual absorptive surface within the lumen of the small
intestine?microvill
28.Researchers
provided radioactively labeled food to a dog and traced the movement of
absorbed molecules. Which type of molecule moved along a path different from
all the others?Fat
29.The
lymphatic vessels in the villi absorb and transport _____. chylomicrons
30.Which
one of the following organs of the digestive system does not produce any
secretions that aid in digestion?large intestine
31.During some types of antibiotic treatments,
patients often experience diarrhea because _____. the bacterial flora of the
large intestine normally break down undigested organic material; after the
bacteria have been killed by antibiotics, the undigested material increases the
osmotic pressure, resulting in decreased water reabsorption
32.Symbiotic bacteria living in our large
intestines provide us with _____. vitamins
33.What relation do indigestible plant fibers,
prokaryotes, and vitamins have with the digestive system? These are the
contents of the large intestine.
34.Which
one of the following is not an adaptation to an herbivorous diet? sharp, pointed
teeth
35.How would you expect the digestive system
of a hawk to compare with that of a seed-eating sparrow? The sparrow's
digestive system would be longer.
1.Which
type of epithelial tissue would you suppose lines the alveoli?simple squamous
epithelium
2.Which one of the following is not a function
of the circulatory system?producing mucus
3.An
open circulatory system _____. allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with
vascular fluid
4.Which response fails to explain why large
animals, like a horse, require a circulatory system, but animals such as a
planarian do not? Large animals do not have a gastrovascular cavity and must
compensate for it with a circulatory system
5.In
which animal does the circulatory system include a heart and a system of closed
vessels?fish
6.The function of pulmonary circulation is to
_____. carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs
7.In a fish, blood circulates through ____,
whereas in a mammal, it circulates through ____. one circuit ... two circuits
8.What
is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other
arteries? It is loaded with carbon dioxide.
9.Which chambers of the heart receive and pump
oxygenated blood? left ventricle and left atrium
10.Where
does blood go directly after it leaves the inferior (posterior) vena cava? into
the right atrium
11.Heart
valves function to _____. keep blood moving forward through the heart
12.Pressure is greatest in the ventricles when
_____. the ventricles contract
13.The SA node generates an electrical impulse
from its location in the _____. right atrium, causing atrial contraction
14A recording of the electrical activity of a
patient's heart shows that the atria are contracting regularly and normally,
but every few beats the ventricles fail to contract. Which of the following is
probably functioning improperly?AV node
15.Your
blood pressure is 120/70. The "120" indicates _____, and the
"70" indicates _____. arterial pressure during heart contraction ...
arterial pressure during heart relaxation
16.If
resistance increases in the capillary beds of the lung, which structure would
be affected first? right ventricle
17.Which one of the following is the main
factor that causes lymph to move through lymphatic vessels? contractions in
body muscles near lymph vessels
18.Which
of the following functions is not carried out by leukocytes (white blood
cells)? All of the above are carried out by leukocytes.
19.A
patient with which of the following conditions would probably not be helped by
injections of purified pluripotent stem cells?hypertension
20.The
primary sealants that plug leaks in damaged blood vessels are _____. clotting
factors released by platelets and fibrin
21.What
is atherosclerosis? buildup of lipids along the inside of heart vessels
22.What
is the physiological cause of a heart attack?a blood clot lodging in a blood
vessel supplying the heart
23.In order for a body surface to be a
respiratory surface, it must _____. be thin and moist
24.Which
selection is not an essential feature for an animal's gas exchange surface?
must come in contact with the circulating body fluid.
25.Which
respiratory organ is most often found only in fully aquatic animals? gills
26.Countercurrent
exchange in the gills of a fish _____. maintains a gradient that enhances
diffusion
27.What is the major reason land-dwelling
mammals have evolved lungs rather than gills as a primary respiratory organ?
Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from desiccation is difficult in terrestrial
environments.
28What is the order of passage as air is
inhaled during ventilation of the lungs in a typical mammal? nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
29.Which one of the following components of
the mammalian gas exchange system does not have a ciliated surface covered by a
thin film of mucus? alveoli
30.Which structure in a human is most similar
in function to the gill lamellae of a fish? alveoli
31.In the alveoli and lung capillaries, carbon
dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by means of _____. Diffusion
32.When
you exhale, _____. both the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax
33.The maximum amount of air a person can
exhale, after maximal inhalation, is called _____. vital capacity
34.Which
one of the following is not an exchangeable lung volume? residual volume
35.Which of the following normally contains
the highest concentration of oxygen?inhaled air
36.Which one of the following statements about
the respiratory systems of mammals and birds is true? The gas exchange system
of mammals is confined to the thoracic cavity, but that of birds is not.
37.What happens when the CO2 level from
cellular respiration increases in the blood? A decrease in the pH of the
cerebrospinal fluid triggers the brain's breathing control centers, which
stimulate diaphragm and rib muscle contractions.
38.When
you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially
to the urge to breathe again? rising carbon dioxide concentration
39.What causes CO2 in the blood to decrease?
hyperventilation
40.Most oxygen is carried by the blood _____.
Most carbon dioxide is carried by the blood _____.attached to hemoglobin ... in
the form of bicarbonate ions
41.How
does myoglobin aid diving mammals such as the Weddell seal? It allows diving
males to store a considerable amount of oxygenated blood in their muscles.
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