Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 4

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arbuscular mycorrhizae- A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscles.

asci-A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.

ascocarps-The macroscopic fruiting body of a sac fungus.

ascomycetes-Member of the phylum Ascomycetes. Sac fungi range in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to minute leafspot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. About half of the sac fungi live with algae in the mutualistic associations called lichens.

basidiocarps-Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus

basidiomycetes-The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium.

basidium- A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms. The fungal division Basidiomycota is named for this structure.

chitin-A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

coenocytic-Referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division.

conidia-A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.

dikaryotic-Referring to a mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

ectomycorrhizal fungi-A type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption.

endomycorrhizal fungi-A type of mycorrhiza that, unlike ectomycorrhizae, does not have a dense mantle ensheathing the root. Instead, microscopic fungal hyphae extend from the root into the soil.

exoenzymes-A powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food.

glomeromycetes-Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by forming a distinct branching form of endomycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscular mycorrhizae.

haustoria- In symbiotic fungi, specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.

heterokaryon-A mycelium formed by the fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei.

hyphae-A filament that collectively makes up the body of a fungus.

karyogamy-The fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy.

mold-A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.

mycorrhizae-Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.

myscosis-The general term for a fungal infection.

opisthokonts-Member of the clade Opisthokonta, organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists

pheromones-In animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.

plasmogamy-The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.

sac fungi-Member of the phylum Ascomycetes. Sac fungi range in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to minute leafspot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. About half of the sac fungi live with algae in the mutualistic associations called lichens.

Seta-  the elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte such as in moss

soredia-Small clusters of lichen hyphae with embedded algae.

yeast-Single-celled fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats and reproduce asexually by simple cell division or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell.

deuteromycetes- .(imperfect fungus) Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage. When a sexual stage for a so-called deuteromycete is discovered, the species is assigned to a phylum. Also called an imperfect fungus.

zoospores-Flagellated spore occurring in chytrid fungi.

zygomycetes-Member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by forming a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction

zygosporangium-in zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.

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