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Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 3

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Anthers-in an angiosperm the terminal pollen sac of a stamen where pollen grains with male gametes form
basal angiosperms- the most primitive lineages of flowering plants including amborella, water lilies and star anise and relatives
carpels – the ovule producing reproductive organ of a flower consisting of the stigma, style and ovary
conifers –a member of the largest gymnosperm. Most conifers are cone bearing trees such as pines and firs
cotyledons-a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon others have two
cross pollination -In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species
dicots-A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. Recent molecular evidence indicates that dicots do not form a clade (see eudicots  
double fertilization-A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
embryo sac-The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei.
endosperms -A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
eudicots -A clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
filament -The stalk of a stamen.
flowers -In an angiosperm, a short stem with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction.
fruit -A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersa
integuments Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant.
magnoliids -A flowering plant clade that evolved later than basal angiosperms but before monocots and eudicots. Extant examples are magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants.
micropyle -A pore in the integument(s) of an ovule
monocots -A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
Ovary-(1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.
 pericarp -The thickened wall of a fruit.
petals -A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators
pistil –a single carpel or a group of fused carpels
pollen grains-The structures that contain the male gametophyte of seed plants.
 pollination -The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process that is a prerequisite for fertilization.
pro-gymnosperms-
 receptacle-The base of a flower; the site of attachment of the floral organs to the stem.
 seed -An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat.
sepals -A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
stamen-The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.
 stigma -The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which traps pollen grains
style-The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top

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