Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 7
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In the hierarchy of
biological organization, the shoot is _____.a system
2A root hair is _____.an extension of an
individual cell that absorbs water from soil
3Leaves occur at intervals along the plant
stem. The region where a leaf is attached to the stem is the _____. node
4.Leaves consist of _____.a blade and a
petiole
5The shoot system of a beavertail cactus
consists of broad paddle-like structures covered with clusters of spines. The
spines are modified leaves, so the clusters must be modified _____ and the flat
green paddles must be modified _____.buds ... stems
6.What is the difference between the root
epidermis and the shoot epidermis? Only the shoot epidermis produces a waxy
cuticle.
7.The plant tissue system most analogous to
our circulatory system is the _____. vascular tissue
8.Ground tissue is composed of
undifferentiated cells with thin walls that are usually involved with storage.
At the stage in an herbaceous (nonwoody) dicot plant's life when only primary
growth has occurred, the inner portion of the ground tissue of a stem is called
_____ and the outer portion is called _____.
pith ... cortex
9.Which of the following cells are dead at
maturity? tracheids and vessel elements
10.Most of the photosynthesis in plants takes
place in specialized _____ cells called the _____. parenchyma ... mesophyll
11.Collenchyma cells can be recognized by
_____. their unevenly thickened cell walls
12.Artichoke hearts are tender and have a
strong taste. The leaves have a strong taste too, but most of an artichoke leaf
is fibrous and too difficult to chew. The leaves must contain lots of
_____.sclerenchyma cells
13In most leaves, chloroplast-containing cells
are most closely compacted in _____.the mesophyll
14.Perennials die ______. usually from an
infection or some sort of trauma
15.A region of dividing cells in a plant is
called a _____. meristem
16Which example below
is the site of primary growth? apical meristems
17.Some plants grow by primary and secondary
mechanisms. Choose the correct description of a mechanism and its result.
Primary and secondary growth are required to produce woody plants.
18.If you pound a nail into a tree 1 meter off
the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, it will be _____. 1 meter off
the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree
19.Which choice below describes the fate of
derivatives?Once displaced from the meristem, they divide until cells they
produce specialize.
20.The layer that
covers the apical meristem of a root is called the _____. root cap
21.Root tips are
pushed further into the soil mainly by _____. elongation of cells
22.A cross section of a plant part exposes
epidermis, a thick cortex, and a central cylinder of xylem and phloem. This
part is a _____. root
23.Which of the
following is closest to the center of an orchid (monocot) root? pith
24.Lateral roots in
seed plants are initiated by cell divisions in the _____. pericycle
25.Which of the following correctly describes
a feature unique to monocot stems? Vascular bundles are scattered throughout.
26.guard cells _____. The first and second
answers are correct.
27.Which of the following is the correct
arrangement of structures from the inside to the outside of a leaf
blade?vascular bundle, mesophyll, epidermis
28.Which of the following is closest to the
center of a woody stem? old xylem
29.A vandal killed a historic oak tree on the
village green by girdling it with a chain saw. He cut through the bark and into
the sapwood all the way around the tree. Why did the tree die? The roots could
not get food.
30.Which best describes a characteristic of
tracheids? They maximize delivery of water to new expanding leaves.
31.Annual rings in
wood are evidence that in climates with a single annual growing season, the
_____ divides actively when water is plentiful and temperatures are suitable
for growth, and ceases to divide when water is scarce and the weather is cold.
vascular cambium
32Cell division would occur least frequently
in which of these tissues?epidermis
33..he vascular cambium of a stem does not
produce _____. cork
34.In what order would you pass through
tissues when moving from the pith to the epidermis in a plant possessing
secondary vascular tissue? primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium,
secondary phloem, primary phloem
35.What accounts for
about 90% of a plant cell's expansion? water uptake that is stored in a large
central vacuole
36.Preprophase bands_____. determine the
location where the cell plate will form during cell division
37In a young cell just
produced by mitosis, the cellulose microfibrils are arranged in horizontal
rings. Which of the following accurately explains how the cell will grow
longer?The bands of microfibrils will resist expansion, so the cell will
enlarge at right angles to the ring of microfibrils.
38.The gnom mutant of
Arabidopsis causes the first cell division of the zygote to be symmetrical. As
a result_____.no polarity is established in the plant and it remains
ball-shaped and lacks leaves and roots
39.The homeotic gene GLABRA-2 controls
cellular differentiation in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis. Which of the
following statements is correct? If an epidermal cell borders two cortical
cells, GLABRA-2 is not expressed and the cell produces a root hair.
40.During normal development Acacia koa plants
first produce compound juvenile leaves and later produce adult sickle-shaped
leaves. Which of the following statements is correct? Existing compound leaves
will stay compound as the plant ages.
41.The ABC model of flower formation
suggests_____.pairs of genes are required to form petals and stamens, but a
single gene can initiate sepals or carpels
1.The proton pump
_____. pumps H+ out of the cell
2.Which of the
following processes is aided by the membrane potential established by the
proton pump?All of the above answers are correct.
3.A plant cell placed
in a solution with a higher water potential will _____. gain water and become
turgid
4.A cell has a
pressure potential of 0 and a solute potential of -0.7 MPa. What is its water
potential? -0.7 MPa
5.If pure water is
separated from a 0.1 M solution in a U-shaped tube by a membrane impermeable to
the solute, what will happen? Water will diffuse to the solution side until the
pressure potential due to a higher water column is equal, but opposite in sign,
to the osmotic potential.
6.Which of the following
is true for a plant that is wilting? The pressure potential in the xylem will
be more negative than in a turgid plant.
7.In a turgid cell _____. Ψ = 0
8.Water molecules cross a plasma membrane of a
plant cell due to _____. all of the above
9.The cytoplasmic continuum connecting
neighboring cells is called the _____. symplast
10.The continuum of cell walls connecting
neighboring cells is defined as the _____apoplast
11.Which of the cells below are involved with
bulk flow? tracheids, vessels, and sieve tubes
12.The most direct route for water from the
soil to the xylem is via the _____. apoplast
13.The greatest increase in surface area for
absorption in the root is due to _____. mycorrhizae
14.A botanist discovered a mutant plant that
is unable to produce the material that forms the Casparian strip. This plant is
_____. unable to control the amounts of water and solutes it absorbs
15.In a plant root, the one cell type in which
water cannot move via the apoplast is the _____. Endodermis
16.A friend of yours
has a terrarium on her windowsill containing various houseplants. She wonders
why the glass is often fogged with water droplets. What would you tell her is
the cause of the droplets? transpiration
17.Root pressure is attributable to _____.
accumulation of minerals in the vascular cylinder
18.Which of the
following conditions will result in the fastest transport through the xylem in
a tree, assuming adequate water supply in the roots? negative pressure
potential in the leaf mesophyll
19.What keeps the force of gravity from
overcoming transpirational pull? cohesion and adhesion of water molecules
20.Normally when an aphid feeds by puncturing
plant tissues, it does not have to suck the sap out. If an aphid, however,
inserted its feeding tube in the wrong place, the fluid in the aphid's guts
could be sucked out through the feeding tube. What could explain this
phenomenon?The aphid punctured xylem cells.
21.During winter, tree sap can sometimes
freeze and cavitation (the formation of an air pocket) may occur. Which one of
the following mechanisms of sap transport would you expect to be most
immediately affected by cavitation? cohesion transpiration
22.What is the main source of energy that moves
water upward in the trunk of a tree? evaporation of water by the sun
23.The
rate of transpiration is expected to be greatest on a _____ day. warm and dry
24.What contributes
directly to the turgor pressure that opens and closes stomata?potassium accumulation
in guard cells
25.Stomata open during the day in response to
_____. blue light triggering the uptake of K+ by guard cells
26.Which of the following describes how some
plants are adapted to arid environments? They can fix carbon from carbon
dioxide even when stomata are closed.
27.In an apple tree that is producing sugars,
sugar might flow from _____ to _____. a leaf ... a developing apple
28.Companion cells that are specialized for
the transport of sugar between apoplast and symplast are _____ cells. transfer
29.Which aspect of solute transport in the
xylem of a plant is most like that of solute transport in the phloem?the
development of root pressure
30.When referring to phloem transport, the
"sink" in roots is created by _____. the active transport of sugars
from phloem to cortex cells
1.The biological
process that produces most of the dry weight of a plant is called _____.
photosynthesis
2.A plant does not obtain which of the
following substances from soil?carbon
3.Professor Scheinman claims to have
discovered a new macronutrient required for plant growth. Most of the
professor's colleagues are skeptical of this claim. Why might they consider it
unlikely? Any nutrient needed in large amounts (macronutrient) has probably
been noted already.
4.If a plant's leaves
are yellowing, it may be that the plant is deficient in the elements needed to
make chlorophyll, one of which is _____magnesium
5.If a plant is
deficient in _____, it will not be able to make DNA. phosphorus
6.Soil could be deficient in any of the
following nutrients. If you had to supply one of them, which would be needed in
the smallest amount? iron
7.Which of the
following is least likely to be deficient in soil? iron
8.Which is true
regarding mineral deficiency symptoms in plants?
Mobile nutrients are
drawn to growing tissues; therefore, growing tissues would not show signs of
mineral deficiency of mobile nutrients before older tissues.
9.When you add
"plant food" to your potted geraniums, you are actually providing the
plant with _____. minerals
10.Soil can easily become deficient in _____,
because these ions are negatively charged and do not stick to negatively
charged soil particles. nitrate
11.The particles in
soil are important because they _____. are charged and hold ions needed by
plants
12.Fertilizers are usually enriched in _____.
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
13.What is the goal of phytoremediation?
(Concept 37.2) to clean contaminated sites by using plants that have the
ability to extract and store soil pollutants
14.Why do farmers need to be concerned with
the pH level of soil? The pH level of soil affects cation exchange and
influences the chemical form of minerals.
15.The most abundant
gas in our atmosphere cannot be used by plants directly in its atmospheric form
and is, therefore, captured by certain bacteria that live symbiotically in
their roots. What is this gas? nitrogen
16.Nitrogen fixation is _____. converting
nitrogen in the air to a form usable by plants
17.The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of
atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is _____. nitrogenase
18.Legumes (members of
the pea family) have roots with swellings called nodules that _____. contain
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
19.What is the role of nod genes in the
relationship between plants and Rhizobium? In Rhizobium, nod genes produce
enzymes that catalyze production of Nod factors.
20.Mycorrhizae develop _____. between roots
and beneficial fungi
21.Which of the following is a correct
description of endomycorrhizae or ectomycorrhizae? Endomycorrhizae do not have
a dense mantle ensheathing roots.
22.By trapping insects, carnivorous plants
obtain ____, which they need ____. nitrogen ... to make protein
1.In alternation of
generations in plants _____.the gametes are produced by the gametophyte through
mitosis and cellular differentiation
2.Which association
below is incorrect?sepals ... containment of sporangia
3.The male structures of angiosperms are
called _____, and they produce _____. anthers ... pollen
4.The female structures of angiosperms are
called _____, and they produce _____.carpels ... ovules
5.Flowers bear seeds in protective chambers
called _____. ovaries
6.Which two structures of a flower bear
sporangia? ovules and anthers
7.A generative cell and a tube cell originate
when _____. a microspore undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis
8.How many pollen grains can potentially
result from one microsporocyte? 4
9.What is the purpose
of synergids in an ovule?Synergids function in the guidance of the pollen tube
to the embryo sac.
10.In the process of
pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____. anther
... stigma
11Like gymnosperms,
many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve energy,
these angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all
four of the basic parts). Which basic part would most likely be missing from
wind-pollinated angiosperm flowers? petals
12.Which statement
below accurately describes the role of S-genes in plants? S-genes are involved
in self-recognition. They prevent self-fertilization in many plant species.
13.After
fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a
fruit. ovule ... ovary
14.A pea pod is formed
from _____. A pea inside the pod is formed from _____an ovary ... an ovule
15.What are the
results of the first mitotic division in a plant zygote? basal cell and
terminal cell
16.Which portion of an embryonic plant
consists of the shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves? epicotyl
17.Which one of the following best describes
the function of fruits? protection and dispersal of seeds
18.What is the correct definition of an
aggregate fruit ?a fruit that results from a single flower that has more than
one carpel, each forming a small fruit
19.Why do seeds need water to germinate?
Imbibition of water
causes the seed coat to swell and allows the cells of the embryo to rehydrate.
20.Which example below is not an advantage of
sexual reproduction in plants?The offspring of sexually reproducing plants are
not as frail as clones of asexually reproducing plants.
21.In this type of asexual reproduction, seeds
are produced even without the joining of sperm and eggs. apomixis
22.A botanist had an apple tree in his yard
that produced eight different varieties of apple. This tree was most likely
produced by _____. grafting scions of different varieties onto the same root
stock
23.Which statement below accurately describes
protoplast fusionProtoplasts can be screened for mutations that may improve the
agricultural value of the plant.
24.Which of the
following can be done by using biotechnology, but cannot be done using
traditional agricultural breeding practices?
introduction of
non-plant genes into a crop
25.What does the
"Bt" in Bt maize refer to?a gene that causes the plants to produce a
chemical that becomes toxic within insect guts
26."Transgene
escape" would occur if _____.a genetically modified crop is hybridized
with a local weed
1.A conformational
change in a substance called phytochrome _____.leads to de-etoliation
2.Growth that results in curvatures of whole
plant organs toward or away from stimuli is called _____. all of the above
3.You are interested
in determining what part of a plant is actually sensitive to light for
phototropism. A good first experiment would be to _____. cover one part (for
instance, the tip or base) before
beginning light treatments
4.The immediate, direct effect of auxin in
cell elongation, according to the acid growth hypothesis, is to _____. activate
ATP-driven proton (H+) pumps
5.A graduate student growing plant cells in a
laboratory dish wants them to _____; therefore, the student treats them with
cytokinins.divide
6.A callus will develop roots if you use a
_____ auxin concentration and a _____ cytokinin concentration in the medium.high
... low
7.In shoots, branching
is inhibited by _____ from the tip of a growing shoot, but this effect is
countered by _____ from the roots. auxin ... cytokinins
8.Which hormone would a florist most likely
spray on cut flowers to keep them fresh?cytokinins
9.As leaf lettuce
matures, a tall flowering shoot extends beyond the basal edible leaves. After
the plant bolts like this, it no longer produces broad, tasty leaves. Suppose
you want to prevent bolting so that you can harvest lettuce longer. You may
want to prevent the plant from synthesizing _____.gibberellins
10.Seeds of many
desert plants will not germinate until a heavy rain washes away their
_____.abscisic acid
11.The synthesis and
release of abscisic acid in a plant is a response to _____. water deficit
12.The triple response
to mechanical stress does not involve _____.
increased stem
elongation
13.The abscission
layer _____. is where a leaf separates from a stem
14.In the autumn, the amount of _____
decreases, rendering the cells of the abscission layer more sensitive to _____.
auxin ... ethylene
15.Which one, if any, of these features is not
characteristic of ethylene?All of the above statements are true regarding
ethylene.
16Some seeds require light for germination,
which is controlled by the phytochrome system. In which one of the following
treatments would germination not occur? red light followed by far-red light
17.Circadian rhythms
are _____. (Concept 39.3)innate 24-hour cycles of behavior or physiological
change
18.Photoperiodism is _____. a physiological
response of an organism to alternating light and dark cycles
19.An Alaskan trapper worried about being
attacked by grizzly bears left on the lights in his cabin all the time. Plants
just outside the cabin flowered a month early. Which of the following best
explains this? They must have been long-day plants.
20.A certain short-day
plant flowers when days are less than 12 hours long. Which of the following
will cause it to flower? (Concept 39.3)
a 13-hour night and an
11-hour day with 1 minute of darkness after 6 hours
21.A certain plant flowers only if days are
shorter than 10 hours. Which of the following will cause it to flower? 8 hours
light, 8 hours dark, flash of red light, flash of far-red light, 8 hours dark
22._____ appear to be responsible for
gravitropism. Statoliths
23.A rapid loss of water in specialized cells
in the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica causes _____. leaves to droop
24.Inhibiting the
growth of shallow roots is a response of plants to _____. water deficit
25.The formation of
air tubes in submerged roots is an adaptation to _____. oxygen deprivation
26.When a plant that is not adapted to salty
water is exposed to salty water, it will _____lose water rather than absorb it
27.The production of organic solutes by plants
is a response to _____. salt stress
28.Which one of the following describes a
plant's response to heat stress?production of heat-shock proteins and closing
of stomata
29.How are heat-shock proteins thought to
work? They help other proteins retain their functional shapes.
30.Increasing the
proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes is a response of
plants to _____.cold stress
31.Increasing the
cytoplasmic levels of specific well-tolerated solutes, such as sugars, helps a
plant to cope with _____. cold stress
32.The production of canavanine is a response
of some plants to _____. herbivory
33.In at least some
species of plants, a leaf damaged by a caterpillar may _____. synthesize and
release chemicals that attract wasps that prey on the caterpillar
34.The first line of
defense against pathogens is _____. physical barrier of the epidermis (or
periderm)
35.Plant defenses
against the herbivores that feed on them include _____. all of the above
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com