Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 2

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Anaerobic Respiration-The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains.

Biofilms- A surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

Bioremediation- The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.

Capsule-The sporangium of a bryophyte (moss, liverwort,or hornwort).

Chemoautotrophs- An organism that must obtain both energy and carbon by consuming organic molecules. Commensalism- A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed. Decomposers- Any of the saprobic fungi and prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from non-living organic material such as corpses, fallen plant materials, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.

Endospore- A thick-coated, resistant cell produced within a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions.

Endotoxins- A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

Exotoxins- A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote and that produces specific symptoms even in the absence of the prokaryote.

Extreme Halophiles-A prokaryote that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.

Extreme Thermophiles-A prokaryote that thrives in hot environments (often 60~80°C or hotter)

Extremophiles - A prokaryote that lives in an extreme environment. Extremophiles include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.

Facultative Anaerobes- An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.

Fimbriae- A short, hairlike prokaryotic appendage that functions in adherence to the substrate or to other cells. Gram-negative- Describing the group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than that of gram- positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria.

Gram-positive- Describing the group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than that of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram- negative bacteria.

Gram Stain- A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell wall.

Host-The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and feeding ground to the symbiont. Methanogens- A microorganism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product. Mutualism- A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit.

Nitrogen Fixation- The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.

Nucleoid Region- The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.

Obligate Aerobes- An organism that required oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.

Obligate Anaerobes- An organism that cannot use oxygen and is poisoned by it.

Parasite-An organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of the host.

Parasitism- A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host or outside the host.

Peptidoglycan- A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.

Photoautotrophs- An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.

Pili-A long, hair-like prokaryotic appendage that functions in adherence or in the transfer of DNA during conjugation. Plasmids- A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosomes; also found in some eukaryotes, yeast.

Symbiont- The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.

Symbiosis- An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact. Taxis-Movement toward or away from a stimulus.

Alternation of generation-A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicelluular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.

Amoeba-A protist grade characterized by the presence of pseudopodia.

Apicomplexans- A parasitic protozoan. Some apicomplexans cause human disease.

Blades-A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.

Brown Algae- A phaeophyte; a marine, multicellular, autotrophic protist that is the most common type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.

Cellular Slime Molds-A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle.

Ciliates-A type of protozoan that moves by means of cilia.

Diatoms-A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica.

Euglenid- A protist, such as Euglena or its relatives, characterized by an anterior pocket, or chamber, from which one or two flagella emerge.

Foraminifera’s (Forams)-An aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell.

Golden Algae- A chrysophyte; a typically unicellular, biflagellated alga with yellow and brown catenoid pigments. Green Algae- A unicellular, colonial, or multicellular photosynthetic protist that has grass-green chloroplasts. Green algae are closely related to true plants.

Heteromorphic- Referring to a condition in the life cycle of all living plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte differ in morphology.

Kinetoplastid- A protist, such as Typanosoma, which has a single large mitochondrion that houses extranuclear DNA. Mixotrophs- An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.

Oomycetes- A protist with flagellated cells, such as a water mold, white rust, or drowny mildew that acquired nutrition mainly as a decomposer or plant parasite.

Parabasalids- A protist such as a trichomonad, with modified mitochondria.

Plamodial Slime Molds-A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and a plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle.

Plasmodium- A single mass of cytoplasm containing many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds.

Protists-An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

Pseudopodia- A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

Radiolarians- A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body.

Red Algae- A photosynthetic marine protist that contains the accessory pigment.

Secondary Endosymbiosis-A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterothrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterothrophic cell.

Sporozoite- A tiny infectious cell that represents a stage in the apicomplexan life cycle.

Stipe-A stemlike structure of a seaweed.

Tests-The hardened shell of some protists, including forams and rediolarians, or the rigid endoskeleton of a sea urchin or sand dollar.

thallus-A seaweed body that is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems and leaves.

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If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com