Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 15

^{1.Why is salt a good preservative to use for foods such as pork and fish? (Concept 27.1)}

^{Prokaryotic cells will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.}

^{2.Gram-negative bacteria have _____ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are _____ complex structurally. (Concept 27.1)less ... more}

^{3.A gram-negative cell wall consists of _____. (Concept 27.1)}

^{a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane}

 ^{4.Which statement about prokaryotic fimbriae and pili is not true? (Concept 27.1)}

^{They are more similar in structure to eukaryotic flagella than they are similar to prokaryotic flagella.}

^{5.What is the role of the basal apparatus in a prokaryotic cell? (Concept 27.1)}

^{It is a system of rings in the cell wall that power the flagellum.}

^{6.Bacteria that _____ tend to have abundant internal membranes. (Concept 27.1)are phototosynthetic}

 ^{7.Which one of the following is not used to identify different kinds of bacteria? (Concept 27.1)number of chromosomes}

 ^{8.Bacterial cells, but not eukaryotic cells, possess _____. (Concept 27.1)}

^{a nucleoid with a circular chromosome}

 ^{9.Plasmids _____. (Concept 27.1)}

^{all of the above}

 ^{10.The bacteria that cause tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. This suggests that these bacteria _____. (Concept 27.1)}

^{produce endospores}

^{11.Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called _____. (Concept 27.2)photoautotrophs}

 ^{12.In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the organisms would be most likely to survive? (Concept 27.2)}

^{chemoheterotrophic bacteria}

 ^{13.The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) _____. (Concept 27.2)}

^{obligately anaerobic chemoheterotroph}

 ^{14.Choose the list below that contains the substances required by typical nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. (Concept 27.2)}

^{carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals}

 ^{15.What is the role of heterocysts in a cyanobacterial filament? (Concept 27.2)}

^{They carry out only nitrogen fixation.}

 ^{16.Portions of the genomes of certain prokaryotic species are very similar to portions of the genomes of distantly related prokaryotes. The process that most likely accounts for this genetic similarity is _____.horizontal gene transfer}

 ^{17.Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts in mutualistic or parasitic relationships? (Concept 27.3)alpha}

 ^{18.Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria? (Concept 27.3)delta}

^{19.Which group of bacteria is unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls? (Concept 27.3)chlamydias}

^{20.Which one of the following is not a characteristic of some archaea? (Concept 27.3)}

^{presence of peptidoglycan}

 ^{21.Which of the following is a difference between bacteria and archaea? (Concept 27.2)They have different chemicals in their cell membranes and cell walls.}

 ^{22.Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is not true? (Concept 27.2)}

^{All of the above are correct statements.}

 ^{23.Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be the _____. (Concept 27.3)extreme halophiles}

 ^{24.Which one of the following groups of prokaryotes is classified as a member of the domain Archaea? (Concept 27.3)methanogens}

 ^{25.For which method of bioremediation would a methanogen most likely be used? (Concept 27.3)decomposing waste in a sewage-treatment facility}

 ^{26.Which clade of archaea includes most of the extreme thermophiles? (Concept 27.3)Crenarchaeota}

 ^{27.A type of ecological relationship called _____ involves one organism living at the expense of another organism. (Concept 27.4)parasitism}

 ^{28.Which example below is a correct statement about Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterium that lives in the human intestines? (Concept 27.4)The bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with the human body.}

 ^{29.Ticks of the genus Ixodes are responsible for spreading the bacterium _____, which causes _____. (Concept 27.4)}

^{Borrelia burgdorferi ... Lyme disease}

^{30.Which statement is true regarding cholera? Its symptoms are caused by an exotoxin that stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into the gut.}

 ^{31.Scientists hypothesize that the O157:H7 strain of E. coli is so different from the K-12 strain because of _____. (Concept 27.5)horizontal gene transfer over many years, most likely through the action of bacteriophages}

^{1.Protists are a diverse group of organisms that includes _____. (Concept 28.1)algae and protozoans}

^{2.The placement of all protists in one kingdom caused dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because _____. (Concept 28.1)various pieces of evidence indicate that the kingdom Protista cannot be monophyletic}

 ^{3.Which example below is a characteristic shared by diplomonads and parabasalids?Both lack plastids.}

^{4.How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system? (Concept 28.3)The molecular composition of their surface changes continually.}

 ^{5.The euglenids could be said to bridge the evolutionary gap between plant-like protists and animal-like protists. This is because they have some characteristics of each group. For example, _____. (Concept 28.3)many carry on photosynthesis, have flagella, and lack a cell wall}

^{6.Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile vacuoles? (Concept 28.3)euglenids}

^{7.what do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and a ciliate have in common? (Concept 28.4)}

^{All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes.}

 ^{8.Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide"? (Concept 28.4)dinoflagellates}

^{9.Which of these groups includes species that produce a nerve agent toxic to humans? (Concept 28.4)dinoflagellates}

 ^{10.Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues? (Concept 28.4)apicomplexans}

 ^{11.Which of these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus? (Concept 28.4)ciliates}

 ^{12.How does genetic variation result in ciliates? (Concept 28.4)conjugation}

^{13.Which protists were once categorized as fungi due to their multinucleate filaments that resemble hyphae? (Concept 28.5)oomycetes}

^{14._____ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century. (Concept 28.5)Phytophthora infestans}

 ^{15.Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant?diatoms}

 ^{16.Which characteristic is shared by most diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae at least at some stage of their life cycles? All of the above are shared characteristics.}

^{17.The general term given to a plant-like body that lacks true stems, leaves, and roots and that shows little tissue differentiation is _____. (Concept 28.5)thallus}

 ^{18.What is the purpose of the "floats" in some brown algae? (Concept 28.5)keeping the blades closer to the water's surface}

^{19.Which of the following organisms are commercially harvested to extract algin and carrageenan from their cell walls? (Concept 28.5)}

^{brown and red seaweeds}

 ^{20.Agar is a complex carbohydrate used in gelatin capsules and also in cooking. It is derived from cell walls of _____.red algae}

 ^{21.On some areas of the seafloor, one could observe an "ooze" that is hundreds of meters thick. What does this ooze consist of? the tests of dead radiolarians}

 ^{22.In lab class, a plasmodial slime mold is used as a demonstration organism. One of the students does not understand why this organism is not considered multicellular. How would you explain it to her? (Concept 28.7The plasmodium is undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei; therefore, it is not technically multicellular.}

 ^{23.Many members of the red algae are adapted to deeper water due to the fact that _____. their photosynthetic pigments efficiently absorb blue and green light}

 ^{24.The red algae are characterized by _____. lternation of generations in some species}

^{25.Which of the following groups of algae is (are) most closely related to land plants? green algae}