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Acoelomates- A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer
body wall.
Anterior-Referring to
the head end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
Archenteron-The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process,
that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
Balstula-The hollow ball
of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development.
bilateral symmetry- Characterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that
divides the body into two equal but opposite halves
bilaterians- Member of the clade Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry.
Blastopore- The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into
the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes.
body cavity- A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body
wall.
body plan- In animals, the set of morphological and developmental traits that
define a grade (level of organizational complexity).
cambrian explosion- A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans
of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in
the fossil record about 545–525 million years ago.
Cephalization- An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory
equipment on the anterior end of the body.
Cleavage- The process of
cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane;
specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during
early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells
Coelom- A body cavity
completely lined with mesoderm.
Coelomates- Animal that possesses a true coelom (fluid-filled body cavity
lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm.
determinate cleavage- A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts
the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
deuterostome development- In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development
of the mouth from the blastpore; often also characterized by schizocoelous
development of the body cavity and by spiral cleavage.
Diploblastic-Having two germ layers.
Dorsal-Pertaining to
the back of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
Ecdysozoans-Member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that
some systematists hypothesize form a clade, including many molting animals.
Ectoderm-The outermost
of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer
covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the
eye.
ediacaran fauna-Earliest generally accepted animal fossils, dating from about 575
million years ago.
endoderm-The innermost
of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and
gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive
tract.
enterocoelous-Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in deuterostome
development, in which the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and
hollows, forming the body cavity.
eumetazoans-Member of the clade Eumetazoa, animals with true tissues (all
animals except sponges).
gastrula-The
three-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage.
germ layers-Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an
animal body.
inter-determinate cleavage-A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each
cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into
a complete embryo.
larva-A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may
differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
lophophore-A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing
ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth.
lophotrochozoans-Member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that
some systematists hypothesize form a clade, characterized by lophophores or
trochophore larvae.
mesoderm-The middle
primary germ layer of an early embryo that develops into the notochord, the
lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the
circulatory system.
metamorphosis-The resurgence of development in an animal larva that transforms
it into a sexually mature adult.
parazoan-Animal
belonging to a grade of organization lacking true tissues (collections of specialized
cells isolated from other tissues by membranes); a sponge (phylum Porifera).
Posterior-Pertaining to
the rear, or tail, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
protostome development-In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development
of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by enterocoelous
development of the body cavity and by radial cleavage.
pseudocoelomates-An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm.
radial cleavage-A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the
planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are
either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of
cells one above the other.
radial symmetry-Characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal
parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and
echinoderms.
schizocoelous-Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in protostome
development, in which initially solid masses of mesoderm split, forming the
body cavity.
spiral cleavage-A type of embryonic development in protostomes, in which the
planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells occur
obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of each tier sitting in the
grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.
triploblastic-Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and
ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic.
trochophore larva-Distinctive larval stage observed in annelids and mollusks.
ventral-Pertaining to
the underside, or bottom, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
alimentary
canal-A
digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.
ammonites-
amoebocytes-A shelled cephalopod that was the dominant invertebrate predator
for millions of years until the end of the Cretaceous period.
anthropods-
book
lungs-An organ
of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an
internal chamber.
brachiopods-A marine lophophorate with a shell divided into dorsal and ventral
halves. Brachiopods are also called lamp shells.
chelicerae-One of a pair of clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of
cheliceriforms.
cheliceriforms-An arthropod that has chelicera, and a body divided into a
cephalothorax and an abdomen. Living cheliceriforms include sea spiders,
horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders.
choanocytes-A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar
cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of
its flagellum.
closed
circulatory system-A
circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate
from the interstitial fluid.
cnidocytes-A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named;
contains a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged,
functions in defense and prey capture.
complete
metamorphosis-The
transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often
functions very differently in its environment, than the larva.
copepods-Any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of
marine and freshwater plankton communities
crusteceans-A member of a subphylum of arthropods that includes lobsters,
crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.
decapods-A member of the group of crustaceans that includes lobsters,
crayfish, crabs, and shrimp.
echinoderms-A slow-moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular
system and, in adults, radial anatomy. Echinoderms include sea stars, brittle
stars, sea urchins, feather stars, and sea cucumbers.
ectoprocts-A sessile, colonial lophophorate commonly called a bryozoan.
eurypterids-An extinct carnivorous cheliceriform also called a water scorpion.
exoskeleton-A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell
of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and
points of attachment for muscles.
foot-(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars,
amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer
cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure
usually used for movement.
hermaphrodites-An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual
reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
hexapods-An insect or closely related wingless arthropod.
incomplete
metamorphosis-A type of
development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in which the young
(called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and have different body
proportions. The nymph goes through a series of molts, each time looking more
like an adult, until it reaches full size.
invertebrates-An animal without a backbone. Invertebrates make up 95% of animal
species.
isopods-A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which
includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial
isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice.
mandibles-One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods,
hexapods, and crustaceans.
mantle-A fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass
and may secrete a shell.
mantle
cavity-A
water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a
mollusc.
medusa-The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body
plan. The alternate form is the polyp.
mesohyl-A gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge.
molting-A process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at
intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton.
myriapods-A terrestrial arthropod with many body segments and one or two
pairs of legs per segment. Millipedes and centipedes comprise the two classes
of living myriapods.
nematocysts-A stinging, capsule-like organelle in a cnidocyte.
open
circulatory system-A
circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and
organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and
the interstitial fluid.
osculum-A large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the
environment.
parthenogenesis-A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from
unfertilized eggs.
phoronids-A tube-dwelling marine lophophorate.
planarians-A free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.
radula-A straplike rasping organ used by many molluscs during feeding.
spongocoel-The central cavity of a sponge.
suspension
feeders-An aquatic
animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from
the water.
torsion-A characteristic of gastropods in which the body rotates during
development.
trilobites-An extinct arthropod with pronounced segmentation and appendages
that varied little from segment to segment.
trochophore-
tube
feet-One of numerous extensions
of an echinoderm’s water vascular system. Tube feet function in locomotion,
feeding, and gas exchange.
visceral
mass-One of the three main parts
of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs.
water
vascular system-A network
of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called
tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
Do you live in NYC?
Is your home starting to look a bit messy and dirty?
Have it professionally cleaned by my company!
Check us out or refer us to someone you may know that may need our services.
nationalpremiercleaning.com
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com
Is your home starting to look a bit messy and dirty?
Have it professionally cleaned by my company!
Check us out or refer us to someone you may know that may need our services.
nationalpremiercleaning.com
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com