Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 5

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Acoelomates- A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.

Anterior-Referring to the head end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

Archenteron-The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

Balstula-The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development.

bilateral symmetry- Characterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves

bilaterians- Member of the clade Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry.

Blastopore- The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes.

body cavity- A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

body plan- In animals, the set of morphological and developmental traits that define a grade (level of organizational complexity).

cambrian explosion- A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545–525 million years ago.

Cephalization- An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body.

Cleavage- The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells

Coelom- A body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

Coelomates- Animal that possesses a true coelom (fluid-filled body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm.

determinate cleavage- A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.

deuterostome development- In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastpore; often also characterized by schizocoelous development of the body cavity and by spiral cleavage.

Diploblastic-Having two germ layers.

Dorsal-Pertaining to the back of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

Ecdysozoans-Member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that some systematists hypothesize form a clade, including many molting animals.

Ectoderm-The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye.

ediacaran fauna-Earliest generally accepted animal fossils, dating from about 575 million years ago.

endoderm-The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract.

enterocoelous-Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in deuterostome development, in which the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows, forming the body cavity.

eumetazoans-Member of the clade Eumetazoa, animals with true tissues (all animals except sponges).

gastrula-The three-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage.

germ layers-Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.

inter-determinate cleavage-A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

larva-A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.

lophophore-A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth.

lophotrochozoans-Member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that some systematists hypothesize form a clade, characterized by lophophores or trochophore larvae.

mesoderm-The middle primary germ layer of an early embryo that develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system.

metamorphosis-The resurgence of development in an animal larva that transforms it into a sexually mature adult.

parazoan-Animal belonging to a grade of organization lacking true tissues (collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranes); a sponge (phylum Porifera).

Posterior-Pertaining to the rear, or tail, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

protostome development-In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by enterocoelous development of the body cavity and by radial cleavage.

pseudocoelomates-An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm.

radial cleavage-A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other.

radial symmetry-Characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms.

schizocoelous-Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in protostome development, in which initially solid masses of mesoderm split, forming the body cavity.

spiral cleavage-A type of embryonic development in protostomes, in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.

triploblastic-Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic.

trochophore larva-Distinctive larval stage observed in annelids and mollusks.

ventral-Pertaining to the underside, or bottom, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.

alimentary canal-A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.

ammonites-

amoebocytes-A shelled cephalopod that was the dominant invertebrate predator for millions of years until the end of the Cretaceous period.

anthropods-

book lungs-An organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

brachiopods-A marine lophophorate with a shell divided into dorsal and ventral halves. Brachiopods are also called lamp shells.

chelicerae-One of a pair of clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of cheliceriforms.

cheliceriforms-An arthropod that has chelicera, and a body divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Living cheliceriforms include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders.

choanocytes-A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.

closed circulatory system-A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

cnidocytes-A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; contains a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture.

complete metamorphosis-The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva.

copepods-Any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities

crusteceans-A member of a subphylum of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.

decapods-A member of the group of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, and shrimp.

echinoderms-A slow-moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular system and, in adults, radial anatomy. Echinoderms include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, feather stars, and sea cucumbers.

ectoprocts-A sessile, colonial lophophorate commonly called a bryozoan.

eurypterids-An extinct carnivorous cheliceriform also called a water scorpion.

exoskeleton-A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.

foot-(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure usually used for movement.

hermaphrodites-An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.

hexapods-An insect or closely related wingless arthropod.

incomplete metamorphosis-A type of development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in which the young (called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions. The nymph goes through a series of molts, each time looking more like an adult, until it reaches full size.

invertebrates-An animal without a backbone. Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species.

isopods-A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice.

mandibles-One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.

mantle-A fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass and may secrete a shell.

mantle cavity-A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a mollusc.

medusa-The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the polyp.

mesohyl-A gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge.

molting-A process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton.

myriapods-A terrestrial arthropod with many body segments and one or two pairs of legs per segment. Millipedes and centipedes comprise the two classes of living myriapods.

nematocysts-A stinging, capsule-like organelle in a cnidocyte.

open circulatory system-A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.

osculum-A large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment.

parthenogenesis-A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

phoronids-A tube-dwelling marine lophophorate.

planarians-A free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.

radula-A straplike rasping organ used by many molluscs during feeding.

spongocoel-The central cavity of a sponge.

suspension feeders-An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.

torsion-A characteristic of gastropods in which the body rotates during development.

trilobites-An extinct arthropod with pronounced segmentation and appendages that varied little from segment to segment.

trochophore-

tube feet-One of numerous extensions of an echinoderm’s water vascular system. Tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

visceral mass-One of the three main parts of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs.

water vascular system-A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

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If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com