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Acanthodians: any of a group of
ancient jawed fishes from the Devonian period
Amniotes: member of a clade of
tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that
protect the embryo, including mammals and birds and other reptiles
Amphibians: member of the
tetrapod class Amphibia, including salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
Anthropoids: a member of a primate
group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo),
monkeys, and humans
Archosaurs:
member
of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and
birds
Chondrichthyans: member of the class
Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as
sharks and rays
Chordates: member of the
phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a
notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a
muscular, post-anal tail
Cloaca: a common opening
for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian
vertebrates but in few mammals
Conodonts: ancient lineage of
jawless vertebrates that arose during the Cambrian period
Craniates: a chordate with a
head
Diapsids: member of an
amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull,
including the lepidosaurs and archosaurs
Dinosaurs: member of an
extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and
habitat
Endothermic: referring to
organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This
heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher
than that of the external environment
Eutherians: placental mammal;
mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus,
joined to the mother by the placenta
Extraembryonic membranes: four
membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing
embryo in mammals and birds and other reptiles
Gnathostomes: member of the
vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws
Hominids: a species on the
human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae,
including Homo sapiens and our ancestors
Hominoids: a term that refers to
great apes and humans
Lancelets: member of the
subphylum Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a
backbone
Lateral
line system:
a mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units
(neuromasts) along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians;
detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects
Lepidosaurs: member of the
reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand
animals called tuataras
Lobe-fins:
member
of the vertebrate subgroup Sarcopterygii, osteichthyans with rod-shaped
muscular fins, including coelacanths and lungfishes, as well as the lineage
that gave rise to tetrapods
Marsupials: a mammal, such as a
koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryonic development
inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium
Monotremes: an egg-laying
mammal, represented by the platypus and echidna
Mosaic
evolution:
the evolution of different features of an organism at different rates
Neural
crest:
a band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the
ectoderm. The cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment
cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts
of the peripheral nervous system
Notochord: a long flexible rod
that runs along the dorsal axis of the body in the future position of the
vertebral column
Operculum: in aquatic
osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills
Opposable
thumb:
an arrangement of the fingers such that the thumb can touch the ventral surface
of the fingertips of all four fingers
Osteichthyans: member of a
vertebrate subgroup with jaws and mostly bony skeletons
Oviparous: referring to a type
of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother’s
body
Ovoviviparous: referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother’s uterus
Ovoviviparous: referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother’s uterus
Paleoanthropology: the study of human
origins and evolution
Parareptiles: first major group
of reptiles to emerge, mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores; died out in
the late Triassic period
Pharyngeal
clefts:
in chordate embryos, grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides
of the pharynx and may develop into pharyngeal slits
Pharyngeal
slits:
in chordate embryos, slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate
to the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates
Placenta: a structure in the
pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother’s blood
supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes
Placoderms: a member of an
extinct class of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a
tough, outer armor
Pterosaurs: winged reptile that
lived during the time of dinosaurs
Ratites: member of the group
of flightless birds
Ray-finned
fishes:
member of the class Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported
by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring
Reptile: member of the clade
of amniotes that includes tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and
birds
Ectothermic: referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature
Ectothermic: referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature
Somites: paired blocks of
mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo
Spiral
valve: A corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the
passage of food along the short digestive tract
Synapsids: in aquatic
osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in
the water
Tetrapods: a vertebrate with
two pairs of limbs, including mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles
Theropods: a member of an
ancient group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores
Tunicates: members of the
subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone
Vertebrates: a chordate animal
with a backbone: the mammals, reptiles (including birds), amphibians, sharks
and rays, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins
Viviparous: referring to a type
of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in
the uterus by blood from the placenta
If you have any test reviews, homeworks, guides, anything school related that you think can be posted on this website, reach out to me at makingschooleasier@gmail.com