Biology Review and Vocabulary Part 9
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1.A macromolecule produced in the body, which
recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body, is a(n) _____.
antibody
2.The first
line of defense against infection is _____. the skin and mucous membranes
3.Phagocytosis is best defined as _____. the
process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys a bacterium
4.What do
macrophages and neutrophils have in common? They phagocytize pathogens.
5.Which of the following cells are part of the
innate, second line of defense? macrophages
6.Which
example below describes what would most likely happen to a microbe in the
blood? They are phagocytosed by macrophages that reside in the spleen.
7.Chemicals
produced by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cells to prepare a
defense are called _____. interferons
8.If
microorganisms penetrate the innate defenses, an inflammatory response may be
initiated by the _____. release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells
9.The body's second line of defense against
infections is _____.an inflammatory response
10.Which one of the following is part of the
inflammatory response? dilation of the capillaries
11.Which of
the following is not an immediate function of histamine? increasing the
systemic blood pressure
12.Which one of the following is not a benefit of
local inflammationChemokines promote the release of histamine and attract more
phagocytes to the area.
13.Which choice below describes a function of white
blood cells that helps them carry out defensive functions more effectively?The
second and third answers are correct
14.An immune response is initiated by the presence
of which molecules? antigen
15.The body
produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the
body comes up with the correct antibodies to a specific invader is most like
_____. going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that
fits
16.The antigen-binding sites of an antibody
molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions
called variable? They can be different shapes on different antibody molecules.
17.Antibodies are in which class of proteins?
immunoglobulin
18.In a series of immune system experiments, the
thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you
predict as a likely result? The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
19.The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a
specific antigen binds is referred to as _____. clonal selection
20.Which type of cell is responsible for causing
apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells? natural killer cells
21.B
lymphocytes _____. multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and
lymph
22.Which of
the following types of cells initiate a secondary immune response? memory cells
23.Once you
have been exposed to an antigen, you develop immunity against the same antigen
because _____. certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies
quickl
24.Which of the following cell types is
specifically responsible for humoral immunity? B cells
25.is the
role of dendritic cells in the primary immune response?Dendritic cells present
antigen via class II MHC molecules to young helper T cells.
26A group of researchers tested many chemicals and
found several that have potential for use in modifying the action of the immune
system. Which of the following compounds has the most promise as a drug for
inhibiting transplant rejection? compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T
cells
27.Which
statement is correct in about T-independent antigens? Typical T-independent
antigens are polysaccharides of bacterial capsules and proteins of bacterial
flagella.
28.Which one
of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers
passive immunity to the fetus? IgG
29.Which of the following is not initiated by the
binding of antibodies to antigens? secretion of interferon by infected cells
30What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells
(the effector cells of humoral immunity) do to attack their targets? all of the
above
31.How do antibodies to foreign blood groups come
to exist in the body?The antibodies arise in response to bacterial inhabitants
of the body that have epitopes very similar to blood groups and antigens.
32.A type of cell that makes immunizations
effective is the _____. memory B cell
33.A vaccine
may contain _____.inactivated disease-causing microbes
34.The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____
without the vaccinated individual having to get sick.the primary immune
response
35.When searching for a donor for an organ
transplant, doctors try to match the _____ of the donor and recipient as
closely as possible. MHC proteins
36.Besides helper T cells, what are two other types of cells that HIV
infects? macrophages and brain cells.
Osmoconformers are animals that _____. have an
internal environment isoosmotic with their external environment, which does not
require expending energy
2.In a
marine environment, animals that are isoosmotic relative to their environment
_____. experience no net water loss by osmosis
3.Which type of organism would have the least
chance of long-term survival in the given environment? stenohaline animals that
move between fresh water and seawater
4.Freshwater
fish excrete a large amount of very dilute urine. What is the best explanation
for this? Because they live in a hypoosmotic solution, their cells take up
excess water that must be excreted.
5.Dehydration in animals _____. may be less
damaging in the presence of sugar
6.Most of our nitrogen-containing waste products
are a result of ______.
protein metabolism
7.Most
aquatic animals excrete ammonia, while land animals excrete urea or uric acid.
What is the most likely explanation for this difference?Ammonia is very toxic,
and it takes lots of water to dilute it.
8.In our bodies, the primary nitrogen-containing
compound excreted by our kidneys is ______. urea
9.The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste
disposal in desert animals would be _____. uric acid because it does not
require water for excretion
10.Many birds, insects, and reptiles excrete
nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which _____. forms solids that are
relatively insoluble and nontoxic
11.Which one
of the following is not a function of the excretory system? elimination of
undigested foods
12.Which of the following is filtered from blood
but not normally found in urine? amino acids
13.The filtrate formed by the nephrons in the
kidney is not urine. The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the
processes of ______, which form the urine that leaves the body. reabsorption
and secretion
14.Metanephridia are found in _____ and function
in_____. annelids ... excretion and osmoregulation
15.Which of the following is the most accurate and
comprehensive description of the function of kidneys? the regulation of body
fluid composition
16Which one of the following is a tube that carries
urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? ureter
17.The
functional units of kidneys are _____. nephrons
18.The bed of capillaries in a vertebrate kidney
where water, urea, and salts are filtered out of the blood is the _____.
glomerulus
19.In each
nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule _____. filter the
blood and capture the filtrate
0.In each
nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule carry out the
_____filtration of plasma
21.The fluid that enters vertebrate nephrons is
called the filtrate. Where does the filtrate come from?blood capillarie
22.Which one of the following substances is
generally not filtered from the blood by the kidneys?plasma proteins
23.Which is
an accurate statement about the anatomy of the human excretory system?
The loop of Henle is located between the proximal
tubule and the distal tubule.
24.Which of the following statements is not
correct? A collecting duct receives filtrate from only one nephron.
25.Which is
not an accurate pairing of a key excretory function with its definition?
Reabsorption is the process where toxins, drugs, and excessive ions that remain
in the blood after filtration are transported into the nephron for disposal in
the urine.
26.All of the following processes occur in the
nephron of the kidney except _____.blood cell formation
27.As
filtrate passes through the long loop of Henle, salt is removed and
concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. Because of this
high salt concentration, the nephron is able to _____.establish a hyperosmotic
interstitial medullary concentration
28.What is the function of the ascending loop of
HenleIt helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial
fluid, thus increasing water reabsorption.
29.The
lowest osmotic potential inside a nephron will be found in _____. the thick
segment of the ascending limb and the distal tubule
30.At a
particular position along a nephron, the osmotic potential of the filtrate is
500 mosm/L while the surrounding kidney's is 600 mosm/L. Which one of the
following is a likely result?Water will diffuse out of the nephron by osmosis.
31.What is the function of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) in the body? During times of higher solute concentrations, ADH causes
more water to be released from the nephrons to be reabsorbed by the blood.
32.Secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the
______ occurs in response to _____ and causes ______. pituitary gland ... high
blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of a collecting duct
33.Alcohol consumption increases urinary output
because alcohol ______. inhibits ADH (vasopressin) production and release
34.What
conditions are responsible for the stimulation of the JGA (juxtaglomerular
apparatus)? a decrease in the blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent
arteriole
35.The loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert
kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat because the
_____. kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is
scarce
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